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Chaotic Characteristics of RN Black Holes
No full text167-174The nonlinear characteristics of general relativity are manifested in the chaotic behavior of black holes. Foot points of
chaos can give an insight to understanding black hole phenomena. This paper aims to identify and analyze the chaotic
behavior of Reissner Nordstrom(RN) black holes. A trajectory analysis of a test particle near Reissner Nordstrom metric
performed using the Euler Lagrangian and action angle variable methods. The presence of homoclinic orbit implies the
existence of chaos in dynamical system .We have evaluated the cutoff radial distance for the onset of chaotic motion for
Reissner Nordstrom black holes metric with different charges. We have shown that geodesic motion around RN black holes
with different charge values may become chaotic. A comparative analysis of the effective potential for Schwarzschild and
RN black holes, along with an examination of homoclinic orbit, is presented in this paper. Therefore, we can say that these
findings can lead to astrophysical application in many body relativistic models
Efficient liquid transport fabric for active sports
No full text41-47This study designs an embossed jersey structure for fast liquid dissipation in highly active sportswear and workwear.
Unlike conventional fabrics, where droplet diameter increases over time due to surface spreading, the newly designed fabric
enables liquid absorption without lateral spreading, promoting efficient moisture evacuation. The structural parameters of
polyamide 66 knitted fabrics are assessed for moisture transport in two forms: liquid and vapour. The comfort performance
of the embossed structure is compared with simple jersey and interlock structures based on droplet kinetics and
breathability. Droplet spreading behaviour is analysed through contact angle variation, droplet diameter, and droplet height
as a function of time. Breathability is evaluated using water vapour permeability and air permeability measurements. The
results show that the embossed jersey structure allows liquid dissipation without spreading, helping to prevent liquid
diffusion and condensation. The jersey structure exhibits faster liquid wicking and higher water vapour and air permeability.
Fabrics with higher porosity demonstrate superior breathability and moisture transport, contributing to improved
physiological comfort
Development of durable copper-coated ultralight weight nonwoven fabric: Focus on EMI shielding
No full text15-25This study aims to develop the sol gel technique to enhance the durability of copper coatings on polyester nonwoven
(NW) fabric while achieving effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. FTIR and XRD analyses confirm the
successful silanisation of NW fabrics, while SEM imaging reveals uniform silane deposition on the copper-coated NW
fabrics. The presence of silane directly impacts EMI shielding capabilities, making these treated NW fabrics highly
promising for advanced applications. Durability assessments demonstrate that sol-gel coatings improve mechanical and
environmental stability. Washing durability tests show that untreated fabrics lose up to 65% of EMI SE, whereas sol-geltreated
fabrics retain their shielding properties. In conclusion, silane coating on conductive NW fabrics exhibits enhanced
durability, effectively maintaining copper adhesion and EMI shielding under mechanical stress, washing, and chemical
exposure
Effects of Forward Speed and Fruit Density on Picking and Collection Efficiency of a Neem Fruit Collector in Test Rig
No full text468-477Manual neem fruit collection is labor-intensive, consuming 30% of harvesting time. This study assessed the impact of
operational variables on picking efficiency, conveying efficiency, and the missing index in a mechanical neem fruit picker
collector test rig. Findings showed that raising the forward speed from 1.5 km∙h−1 (S1) to 2.0 km∙h−1 (S3) led to a reduction in
picking efficiency by 11.29, 11.97, and 12.64% for all the selected levels of fruit densities respectively. The picking
efficiency was increased by 17.49, 20.14, and 16.49% with an increase in fruit density from F1 to F3. The elevation in
forward speed from S1 to S3 resulted in 7.26, 3.28, and 4.37% reduction in collection efficiency. An increase in fruit density
from F1 to F3 increases the collection efficiency by 8.24, 8.35, and 10.72%. It was also observed that 16.5, 23.6, and 25.6%
increments in the missing index with an elevation in the forward speed from S1 to S3 at all the selected levels of fruit density.
It was also noted that an increase in fruit density from F1 to F3 resulted in a gradual reduction in the missing index by 60.32,
44.56, and 42.85% at all levels of forward speed. Optimal performance was attained at a forward speed of 1.5 km∙h−1 (S1)
with a fruit density of 125 fruits per 0.1 m2 (F3), yielding 74.8% picking efficiency, 98.5% collection efficiency, and a
26.32% missing index. These optimal conditions are recommended for efficient and cost-effective neem fruit collection
From AI for All to AI for the World: How India is shaping the Future of Artificial Intelligence
No full text24-2
A comparative study on electrochemical performance of GC/MFe2O4 (M = Cu and Ni) electrodes for oxygen evolution
No full text427-433The ovalbumin sol-gel method has been used to manufacture the nano-sized spinel oxides Fe3O4, NiFe2O4, and CuFe2O4
at 550°C. These materials have then been characterized using the physicochemical Infrared (IR) spectrometry method with the
(XRD) and electrochemical methods (CV), and Tafel polarisation. The IR and XRD have been used to establish the production
of a stable spinel phase of metal oxides. IR spectra exhibits distinctive absorption bands at ~450 and ~586 cm–1 respective to the
vibrations in octahedral and tetrahedral voids in spinel oxides. The development of nano-sized oxides with crystallite diameters
of 28, 11, and 45 nm for pure, Ni, and Cu-ferrites has been verified by XRD powder patterns of decomposed oxide. The
electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution process has been investigated using the CV and Tafel polarization
techniques in an alkaline medium on a fabricated GC/oxides/1MKOH electrode interface. Tafel slopes for (OER) at the higher
over-potentials region ranges between (b = 118 –140 mV dec–1) and follows almost first-order reaction mechanism and
thermodynamic parameters such as the electrochemical activation energy (ΔH
#) at constant potentials (0.85V) and the
electrochemical entropy (ΔS#) for OER have also been estimated from the Arrhenius plot, with observed values ranging from
6 to 39 kJ mol–1 and a highly negative value of entropy ((ΔS
) = –330 J deg–1 mol–1), respectively
Studying synthesis of a new polymer sorbent based on o-phenylenediamine and epichlorohydrin and its sorption properties
No full text353-360This article is devoted to the synthesis and sorption properties of a new polymer sorbent (FD-EXG) based on
o-phenylenediamine and epichlorohydrin, which separates metal ions from solutions with high precision. In the process of
synthesis, the starting materials: o-phenylenediamine and epichlorohydrin are taken in a 1:2 mol ratio. Ethylenediamine is
used as a polymerizing and binding agent. The composition, physicochemical and sorption-desorption properties of the
obtained polymer sorbent have been studied. In the IR spectrum analysis of the sorbent, we can see the presence of n(OH)
functional groups in the 3371 cm–1 and 3313 cm–1 and n(NH) ion exchange functional groups in the 1558 cm–1 region.
Based on X-ray phase analysis methods, the degree of crystallization of the obtained sorbent and its compound with metal
cation (Ni(II)) has been determined. Also, the morphology and thermal properties of the obtained sorbent have been studied
using SEM analysis and TGA and DTA analysis methods. The surface area and the pore size of the polymer sorbent have
been determined, and its morphology has been determined to be macroporous. It has been proven that the synthesized
polymer sorbent can be reused many times during the sorption process. It is proved that the obtained polymer sorbent can
efficiently remove Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The static exchange capacity (SEC)
of the obtained polymer sorbent has been determined to be SECNi=9.67, SECCo=8.33, SECCu=7.01, SECZn=6.67 and
SECCd=5.01. It has been proven that the static exchange capacity i
Contemporary Stance of Compulsory Licensing in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
No full text361-375Patent is a monopoly given to prevent the patent holder's hard work from being wasted and to encourage innovation. In
contrast, compulsory licensing occurs when a government authorizes a third party to use a patented product or method without the
patent holder's approval under certain conditions. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement,
the Doha Declaration, and the Indian Patent Act of 1970 (herein referred to as ‘the Act’) contain provisions for the patenting of
pharmaceuticals, as well as provisions for a compulsory licensing system to prevent patent rights misuse. In India, as well as the
rest of the globe, there has been an imbalance between profits and medicine availability. Existing global structures were put to the
test by the extraordinary period of time the human race endured as a result of COVID 19. The same was seen for the obligatory
licensing arrangement for drugs under patent law. In this article, the authors proposed to discuss the existing legal system for
Compulsory Licensing in India, followed by an examination of the TRIPS agreement's requirements. Further, the authors explained
the status of compulsory licensing in COVID-19. Thereafter, the authors analyze the intersection of compulsory licensing with
competition law and conclude with identified issues and recommendations
Concept of Copyleft: Free Software, Creative Commons and Open Source
No full text269-273This article explores the evolving landscape of copyleft licensing in the digital era, highlighting its vital role in
preserving intellectual freedom, collaboration and the open sharing of knowledge and creativity. Every organized
creative venture is a result of the core thinking of an idea which took the shape of some kind of derivation giving
the end result. Propounded by the theory of property and ownership, copyleft uses a piece and gives a fair share to its
creators. Several information models have underpinned the concept, as it originally emerged as a licensing strategy within
the broader framework of derivative creation cycles. In today’s digital landscape, where we seek creative solutions to satiate
our ever-growing appetite for innovation and technology, it becomes imperative to thoroughly examine this concept and its
practical applications