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From 2D to 3D: decoding tuberculosis pathobiology and drug development with ex vivo disease models
No full text253-266Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, requiring advanced models to understand its complex pathobiology and develop effective treatments. Despite extensive research, TB evades full understanding and control due to its complex interaction with the human immune system and latent state. Ex vivo models are essential for capturing these complexities and advancing TB research. Historically, TB research relied on two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models, which fell short of replicating the intricate lung environment. The advent of three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo models marks a significant leap forward, offering more physiologically relevant systems. These models, including spheroid cultures, organoid cultures, and lab-on-a-chip technologies, accurately represent human lung tissue and its interaction with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 3D ex vivo models replicate the cellular diversity, architecture, and microenvironment of lung tissue, enabling detailed studies of TB pathogenesis, immune response, and granuloma formation. They also offer superior platforms for drug screening for efficacy and toxicity. Integrating microfluidics, advanced imaging techniques, and omics-based analytical platforms enhances these models' ability to simulate dynamic infection and treatment processes. This review highlights the development and transformative impact of ex vivo models on TB research, promising accelerated discovery of new therapeutic strategies
Biohybrid molecules: Integrating natural and synthetic components for advanced biochemical applications
No full text107-116Biohybrid molecules, a fusion of natural and synthetic components, represent a significant leap in biochemical
technology. These innovative molecules harness the unique properties of both their natural and synthetic constituents,
enabling new possibilities in advanced biochemical applications. The integration of biological and artificial elements offers
enhanced functionality, stability, and versatility, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements in areas such as drug
delivery, diagnostics, and bioengineering. This approach not only bridges the gap between biology and chemistry but also
opens up new frontiers in the development of smart, responsive systems tailored for specific biomedical purposes. This
could revolutionize regenerative medicine, offering new hope for patients in need of transplants or tissue repairs. The
development of biohybrid molecules is still in its early stages, but the promise they hold is immense. As technology
advances and our understanding of molecular interactions deepens, the potential for biohybrids to transform healthcare,
environmental science, and even industrial processes becomes increasingly tangible. There is significant potential for future
research to unlock these possibilities, where the boundaries between natural and synthetic components are seamlessly
integratedfor the betterment of society
Effect of synthetic cold flow additives on properties of biodiesel and biodieseldiesel blends: A mini-review
No full text25-32The demand for an alternative fuel to control fossil fuels is increasing, and biodiesel can play a crucial role in combatting
the problems. Biodiesel that has been produced through various feedstocks employing different processes is a renewable and
eco-friendly fuel. However, the generation of fewer emissions than fossil fuel makes it one favourable choice, but its
marketability is still restricted due to poor cold flow behaviour and oxidation stability. In this review, we have focused on
the cold flow problem of biodiesel which hampers functioning of diesel engines. This review particularly explores the types
of synthetic additives, their mechanism of action, and their application in biodiesel-diesel blends in the last seven years
Quinazoline fused 1,2,4-triazoles: PIDA-mediated synthesis, characterization, anti-breast cancer agents, ABTS radical scavenging efficacy, molecular docking, and DFT studies
No full text68-84The present work demonstrates the PIDA-mediated mild synthesis of 3-aryl-5-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]quinazolines
5a-n through an intramolecular oxidative-cyclization of twelve electronically dissimilar and newly prepared (E)-4-(2-
benzylidenehydrazineyl)-2-phenyl- quinazolines 4a-n as key precursors. Structural confirmation of quinazoline-hydrazone
and triazole has been established based on 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and HRMS data. Antiproliferative activity examination has
led to the identification of 5-phenyl-3-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]quinazoline 5g and 3-(2,3-
dichlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c] quinazoline 5j, as most active (less than and comparable to standard), which
exhibit cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 1.14 mM and 1.39 mM, respectively against MCF-7 cell line. 5g and 5j also show
significant potential against MDA-MB231 cell line with IC50 of 2.79 mM and 1.95 mM, respectively. Additionally,
molecular modeling studies have been conducted to support the results and to study the binding interaction of the compound
5g and 5j with VEGFR-2 kinase enzyme (PDB ID:3U6J). Furthermore, systematic screening of 5a-n for ABTS radical
scavenging activity, displays that 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]quinazoline 5h, has the highest
antioxidant efficacy with IC50= 11.2 ± 0.14 μg/mL. The antioxidant efficacy of 5a-n is also supported by DFT studies
Chondrus ocellatus Holmes ethanol extract suppresses the atopic dermatitis in DNCB-induced BALB/c mice
No full text125-133Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease, and it is a chronically relapsing and inflammatory skin disease
accompanied by itching. Many red algae are being actively conducted, studies on the physiological activity of C. ocellatus
Holmes are rarely conducted. To investigate whether Chondrus ocellatus Holmes ethanol extract (COHEE) inhibits AD
progression in animal models. COHEE significantly decreased Th cytokines in ConA-stimulated splenocytes in a
dose-dependent manner. AD-like skin lesions were induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in BALB/c mice, and
COHEE was applied to DNCB-induced mice to study the effect of COHEE on AD. COHEE lowered the number of WBCs
in the blood and the spleen weight of mice. COHEE significantly decreased the secretion of IL-4 and IL-5, whereas the level
of IFN-γ was increased in splenocytes. In addition, the secretion of IgE and TNF-α was significantly suppressed in the
serum, and the IL-10 was increased. In conclusion, the present study indicates that COHEE has an inhibitory effect on AD
and is useful for drug development and treating AD
Immobilized Scenedesmus regularis for enhanced biosorption of zinc oxide nanoparticles
No full text239-251Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are among the most widely used nanoparticles as ingredients in various products. These
nanoparticles often enter the water bodies through industrial discharge and other means. Once they reach into the water, they
remain there for longer time and show toxicity to aquatic flora, fauna and even human beings upon exposure. Despite their
potential hazards, the removal of nanoparticles from the environment has not been extensively studied, making it a pressing
issue for both human health and the environment. Driven by this need, the present study has undertaken to develop a
biosorption method using immobilized Scenedesmus regularis green microalgae to remove ZnO nanoparticles. In this
research, environmentally isolated microalgae were characterized using 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The ZnO nanoparticles
were chemically synthesized and characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Batch sorption experiments were conducted to demonstrate the
efficiency of Scenedesmus regularis in absorbing ZnO nanoparticles under various conditions. Statistical analysis using oneway
ANOVA was conducted to compare conditions before and after biosorption. The 18S rRNA gene sequencing
confirmed that the isolated species was Scenedesmus regularis. ICPMS results showed that the immobilized Scenedesmus
regularis microalgal biomass, encapsulated in sodium alginate beads, effectively removed 82.53% of ZnO nanoparticles at
an initial concentration of 80 mg/L within 3 h. FTIR analysis revealed that carboxyl, amine, hydroxyl, sulfate, and sulfonate
functional groups on the Scenedesmus regularis cell wall played a significant role in binding ZnO nanoparticles.
Additionally, SEM-EDX imaging confirmed the attachment of ZnO nanoparticles to the surface of Scenedesmus regularis
cells. The results of the adsorption/desorption studies showed that the Scenedesmus regularis biosorbent could be
regenerated many times with no extensive reduction in ZnO nanoparticles' adsorption percentage. Present study exposed to
provide an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment techniques. This research focuses that Scenedesmus regularis as
a biosorbents appeared to be more efficient to uptake of ZnO nanoparticles and has a potential to be reused for multiple
cycles of nanoparticles uptake. The study aims to eliminate toxic nanoparticles from aqueous environments through
microalgae biosorption. This method is efficient, natural, safe, eco-friendly, and more economical
Expression profiling of TP53, BLM, DIS3L2, GPC3, NSD1, PAX6 and AMER1 genes in Wilms' tumor cases
No full text210-220Wilms' tumor has been linked to a number of genes, but WT1 has been reported to be directly linked to the growth of this
embryonic tumor. Due to mutations in additional genes occurring in conjunction with WT1, Wilms' tumor is linked to a
variety of disorders that manifest as syndromic conditions, e.g., Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Perlman
syndrome, Simpson-Golabi-Behemel syndrome, Sotos syndrome, WAGR syndrome and X-chromosome syndrome, which
are linked to oncogenes (OGs) and tumor suppressor genes (TGs), i.e., TP53, BLM, DIS3L2, GPC3, NSD1, PAX6, and
AMER1, respectively. The study demonstrated the mRNA expression levels of the TP53, BLM, DIS3L2, GPC3, NSD1,
PAX6 and AMER1 genes by code-set chemistry in 24 Wilms' tumor cases in comparison to their internal controls (adjacent
to tumor tissues). Capture-and-reporter probe-based expression was carried out using NanoString technology. All the genes
of interest were found to be significantly up- and downregulated according to the fold change expression study results. The
mRNA expression of TP53 in 95.84%, BLM in 83.34%, DIS32 in 62.50%, NSD1 in 62.50%, AMER1 in 58.33%, GPC3
and PAX6 in 50% of Wilms' tumor cases were significantly upregulated. Hence, this study established that the NSD1,
DIS3L2, AMER1, TP53, BLM, PAX6, and GPC3 genes play roles in the development of these embryonic tumors and can be
used as biological markers for Wilms' tumors. However, a larger sample size is needed to validate the above data