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CHANGE IN SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL IN EAST JAVA PROVINCE IN RELATION TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE PERUBAHAN KARAKTERISTIK CURAH HUJAN MENURUT RUANG DAN WAKTU DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM ...
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze spatial and temporal variation of rainfall in the year 1971 until the year 2007 that is divided into two (2) periods ie 1971-1989 and 1990-2007 in relat ion to climate global change. The research was conducted in the area of East Java province from July until December 2008. The secondary data used in the research were: 1) Rainfall monthly data from 106 stations located in East Java within the period of 1971-2007 obtained from the Agency for Meteorology and Geophysical Karangploso Malang, 2) Sea Surface Temperature Nino 3.4 (http ://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov.), 3) Soil map scale 1: 250,000 obtanined from the Center Institute for Environmental Resource Management of Agriculture, and the map of Agroecological Zone (AEZ) of East Java scale 1: 250,000 from Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology East Java. The analysis of rainfall characteristic consists of a) the changes of climate type Oldeman, b) the changes of the early dry and rainy season, c) the changes in of rainfall amount in dry and rainy season. The results showed that in 1971-1989 periods, the type of Oldeman climate in East Java vary from B1 to E, but after the 1990s the type of Oldeman climate change varied from C1 to D4 meaning that a part of East Java area (16.7%) become drier and 17.8% area of East Java became wet. The analysis of rainfall stations (106 stations) showed that some of rainfall stations (58.49%) have decreased the number of dry season rainfall about 3 - 500 mm/season. 56 stations (52.8%) have increased the number of rainy season rainfall in the range 1-600 mm /rainy season, while the 49 rainfall stations (46.22%) have decreased the number of rainfall in the range of 1-500 mm/season. Changes in the characteristics of rainfall in East Java, which occurred within the period of 1971-1989 and 1990-2007 was caused by the ENSO phenomenon
RECENT EVALUATION OF RISING TEMPERATURE AND OIL PALM EXTENSION TO HIGHER ELEVATION IN NORTH SUMATRA(EVALUASI TERKINI KENAIKAN SUHU DAN PERLUASAN TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT KE DATARAN TINGGI DI SUMATERA UTARA)
Get PDFImplication of climate change on oil palm plantation in Indonesia generally not much known, which could be a threat that needs attention, or maybe an opportunity. Climate change could cause the rainy season more wet and dry season drier. At other side, climate change also caused the temperature increased, which could make an extension of oil palm plantation in higher altitude become possible. Nowadays, total area of oil palm plantation in high altitude in north Sumatera was 4.725 hectares. This paper describes recent evaluation of climate change in North Sumatera province and its relation with oil palm extension and the response of oil palm productivity in higher altitude
ANALISIS PERIODE ULANG HUJAN MAKSIMUM DENGAN BERBAGAI METODE(RETURN PERIOD ANALYZE MAXIMUM RAINFALL WITH THREE METHOD)
Get PDFLush rainfall intensity in Indonesia mostly often affecting to flood disaster. Managing in flood problem must be supporting by good infrastructure of flood management such as dam, irrigation system, drainages,etc. In designing a water building, we needs maximum rainfall information with certain return period. The amount of maximum rainfall for design are different according to lifetime and reservoir capacity such as for a big dam that needs maximum rainfall information with long return period approximately 50,100 years, and for irrigation system needs shorter maximum rainfall information about 2,5,10 years. We use three methods in this analysis: E.J. Gumbel Method, Log Pearson III Method and Iway Kadoya Method. Result of analysis from above methods show that Log Pearson III method and Iway Kadoya method as identically as E.J Gumbell method
MANFAAT EKOLOGIS DAN FINANSIAL PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CAIR AGROINDUSTRI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU DALAM PRODUKSI BIOGAS UNTUK MEREDUKSI EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA(ECOLOGICAL AND FINANCIAL BENEFITS OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER UTILIZATION AS RAW MATER
Get PDFAgroindustries in general produce a large amount of organic wastewater. Until now, most of this organics waste-stream was not recovered and left to decompose anaerobically in ponds, where it emits methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By anaerobically digesting of the effluents in a suitable bioreactor, methane can be captured and used for combustion in gas engines or boilers. This way, uncontrolled methane emission from the anaerobic decomposition can be avoided and the utilization of fossil fuels can be replaced partly with the renewable biogas from the decomposition process. In addition, the approach of reducing green house gas emission is potentially to earn financial incentive through Clean Development Mechanism project. This paper demonstrates quantitatively some potential ecological and economical benefits derived from utilising agroindustrial effluents by treating it anaerobically to generate biogas (with cases of cane sugar factory, starch industry, palm oil mill, and tofu industry) . As illustration, for each ton cane sugar produced app. 15 m3 methane can be emitted from uncontrolled anaerobic degradation of it wastewater. By capturing the gas and transforming it into renewable biogas, a methane emission of equivalent to ≈ 272 kg CO2 can be avoided and an energy value of app. 427 MJ with a money value of app. Rp 59 600,- can be obtained. In addition, a financial incentive of app. Rp 14 850,- is possible to be earned from clean development mechanism (CDM) project. The ecological and financial benefits derived from anaerobic treatment of agroindustrial wastewater as indicated by this study should therefore become the driving force for the implementation of the approach
ANALISIS DAMPAK ENSO (EL-NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION) TERHADAP TINGKAT KEKERINGAN UNTUK TANAMAN PANGAN DAN PALAWIJA (STUDI KASUS : SULAWESI SELATAN)
Get PDFWeather and climate variability is a long-term weather changes that are characterized by fluctuations and deviations from normal conditions. One possible cause is the ENSO (El-Nino Southern Oscillation) which affected in drought events. This research was conducted to determine and analyze the level of drought in South Sulawesi due to the influence of ENSO and compare the production of food crops and secondary food crops in normal years and ENSO.Drought index is calculated based on the Palmer method by using data of rainfall, air temperature and soil moisture as input. Based on the calculations using the method of Palmer drought index, the regions with monsoon rain patterns have a range of values between -22.71 drought until 18:23, Equatorial patterns ranging from -4.03 to 5:07, and on local patterns rangedfrom -8.57 until 10:07. Verification test results on the drought index of crop production data showed that each ENSO event is always followed by a decline in rice production, especially of rice fields. Food crop production generally tends to increase at each ENSO event because most crops are plants that are resistant to drought, particularly local varieties that have adapted well to their environment. Thus, the drought caused by the influence of ENSO can affect the production of food crops and secondary food crops
INCREASING WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF LOWLAND RICE THROUGH THE WATER SAVING TECHNIQUES AND CROP MANAGEMENT IN RESPONSE TO DROUGHT
Get PDFThe water saving technology for lowland rice cultivation was very crucial because of in the future irrigation water become scarce and competed with other sectors. The lowering of the availability of irrigation water had the impact for sustainability of rice production. The review of the paper described the pattern of basic water requirement, yield responses of several lowland rice varieties to moisture stress, days interval irrigation and the alternatives of water saving techniques for improving yield and water productivity. The pattern of the actual water requirement (ET+P&S) showed the maximum value of 8.8 mm/day (1.02 lt/sec/ha) for high yielding varieties (HYV) that occurred from heading to 50% flowering. Under limited water supply, irrigation water should be applied that period to prevent yield loss. Soil moisture stress at moderate level (- 0.5 bar) from heading to full flowering was significantly decreased yield about 30% when compared with the yield of continuously flooded 3 cm depth. This period was a critical period of HYV to soil moisture stress. For rotational irrigation purposes, information of the optimum days interval irrigation was important. It was found that 3 days irrigation interval was a critical limit for HYV to achieve higher yield. The SRI model of rice cultivation had the lowest rice yield in the lowland soil, poor drainage, clay soil texture and low permeability. The modified irrigation of the SRI plus fertilizer N based on LCC readings gave a greater yield as well as water productivity. The hybrid and NPT line rice varieties had higher yield components and grain yield than Ciherang variety. Ciherang variety was not favor to grown for the wet season, it was more productive when grown in dry season even with AWD irrigation model. The plant spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm gave higher number of panicle/hill and number of spikelet/panicle under both AWD and continuously flooded 3 cm depth for dry and wet season consistently. The fertilizer N management based on SSNM with low and high rates for the early vegetative stage were not significantly affected all yield components and grain yield. The AWD irrigation could save irrigation water about 18% when compared to the continuously flooded conditions.The grain yield of the hybrid, inbred and NPT line rice varieties was higher for the dry season than wet season under both AWD irrigation and continuous flooding consistently
VALIDATION TECHNIQUE FOR SIMPLE OPERATIONAL USE (INDRAMAYU, SUMEDANG, AND MAJALENGKA DISTRICTS CASE OF 2003) TEKNIK VALIDASI UNTUK PENGGUNAAN OPERASI SEDERHANA (KASUS KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU, SUMEDANG, DAN MAJALENGKA TAHUN 2003)
Get PDFThe model output of rainfall total prediction has to be validated before being applied to the operational use. After understanding the accuracy of this rainfall total prediction output, one has to make decision whether applying it in the field or not. This depends upon the value of accuracy as well. Validation technique for simple operational use can be made by applying Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and spatial rainfall defferentiation values (ΔRR). The Wavelet Transformation Technique (WTT) for providing rainfall total prediction output of rainy and transition seasons 2003 had been applied to the domain of interest Indramayu, Sumedang, and Majalengka districts. Results show that during January 2003 (rainy season respectively) r = 0.65 with RMSE = 296 mm and 75.39% spatial disagreement area; but within April 2003 (transition season respectively) r = 0.49 with RMSE = 152 mm and 43.55% spatial disagreement area. Topography condition has play a role to the rainfall deferenciation values, especially for Lee-ward location. This is described by higher differentiation values of rainfall total prediction after reaching the top of elevation above mean sea level
EFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN RADIASI SURYA DAN SEBAGAI DASAR DALAM MODEL JARAK PAGAR(RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY AS BASIS THE CROPS MODELING OF JATROPHA)
Get PDFPlant growth interpretation in term of accumulated intercepted solar radiation and the radiation use efficiency (RUE) was used to study the growth and analysis of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.). A number of crop growth simulation models have been developed using the RUE concept to predict crop growth and yield in various environments. These models generally calculate daily biomass production as the product of the quantity of radiation intercepted and RUE. This research was carried out to quantify the RUE, biomass and leaf area index on Jatropha under rainfall condition, four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (N) and three population densities (P) planted twice. The experiments used a systematic Nelder fan design with 9 spokes and 4 – 5 rings were conducted at SEAMEO-BIOTROP field experiment in 2007. Data from the first experiment were used for parameterization and calibration and the second experiment data for model validation. Values of RUE were determined by nitrogen fertilizer and plant density. Based on parameterization, we found that RUE for prediction above ground biomass accumulation of Jatropha were 0.94 (r=0.83) g MJ-1 to 1.3 (r=0.75) g MJ-1. Validation between model prediction and field experimental data showed that model can simulate crop growth and development of Jatropha
KAJIAN PEROLEHAN KARBON SEBAGAI DAMPAK INTERVENSI KASUS: EKS-PLG BLOK A, MENTANGAI, KALIMANTAN TENGAH(CARBON RESULT STUDY AS INTERVENTION IMPACT, CASE: EKS-PLG BLOCK A, MENTANGAI, CENTRAL BORNEO)
Get PDFCCFPI is project activity on “Climate Change, Forests and Peatlands in Indonesia” funded by the “Canadian International Development Agency” (CIDA) through Climate Change and Development Fund, Canada. This project is designed to increase sustainable management of forests and peatlands in Indonesia in order to increase the capacity in carbon sequestration and also better of community incomes. One of project location in Kalimantan is area Ex-PLG Blok A, Mentangai, Central Kalimantan. This article present study on total value carbon gained as impact from various interventions in location of CCFPI project activity in area Ex-PLG Blok A, Mentangai. Method of estimation on carbon stock is conducted by Sample Plot of Measurement (PCP). Calculation of carbon stock with equation of alometrik which is present in Field Guidance to Estimate Carbon Stock on Peatland (Murdiyarso et.al., 2004). Activity of cannal blocking by CCFPI project has result to the positive impacts to the reduction rate of carbon both for above and below ground carbon as well as carbon content by tree plantation established by the community inside the areas of around 43,451 ha. Based on result of calculation, the amount of above ground carbon stock obtained 14,448 ton C. Carbon stock found in the trees plantation in surrounding the cannal 0.777 ton C. Below ground carbon stock is ranged between 550,782 ton C up to 2,223,424 ton C
PENYEBARAN PENCEMAR UDARA DI KAWASAN INDUSTRI CILEGON(THE DISPERSION AIR POLUTANT AT CILEGON INSDUSTRY AREA)
Get PDFThe dispersion of the air polution, especially from the industry is much decided by the height of the stack, the higher the stack the farthest pollutant being emitted. To analyze the pollutant dispersion in the industrial area, Screen3 model US-EPA from Environmental Protection Agency, USA is used. This model is used to analyze the pollutant dispersion emiitted by factories. After implementing the model to various atmosphere stability, it is found that the fastest the wind velocity, the bigger the maximum pollutant concentration emitted and the smaller the distance dispersion. After implementing the model with the wind velocity of 2.45 m/s , it is found that the air pollution (SO2) in Pulomerak area, the maximum concentration of pollutan is 252.20 μg/m3 with the dispersion distance of 4664 m. Meanwhile, based on the measurement, with the same wind velocity at the same area, the maximum concentration of the pollutant is of 29.57 μg/m3. Within the atmosphere C to E, the two pollutants spread out at the range of 9921 m to 18800 m from the source