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Spiral Bevel Gears: Review on Dynamics.
Full text linkBevel gears are a type of gears commonly used in various applications, especially where a change in the direction of power transmission is needed. The teeth on bevel gears are vulnerable to various defects that can affect their performance, such as pitting, wear, and chipping. These defects can lead to increased vibrations, noise, and decreased efficiency of the gear system. In order to ensure optimal performance and longevity of bevel gears, it is essential to properly diagnose and address any defects on their teeth. The paper investigates the dynamics of bevel gears under varied operational conditions and analyzes the impact of factors, such as crowning modification, on system transmission error. This research explores load-sharing concepts, detailing operational conditions and mathematical models for calculating load-sharing among planets. Moreover, it evaluates factors influencing load distribution among planets, emphasizing parameters like bearing, backlash, run-out errors, position errors, and manufacturing errors while assessing PGS effectiveness in load-sharing. To enhance load-sharing, including floating systems and flexible pins, methods and solutions are discussed. PGS is examined from a phasing perspective. Additionally, this paper summarizes studies on the impact of faults on the planet phase
Analisis laju keausan umur pakai slide plate bearing block pada grate cooler di Pabrik Semen Baturaja II
No full textGrate cooler merupakan jenis clinker cooler yang digunakan PT. Semen Baturaja Tbk untuk mendinginkan clinker dengan cara mengembuskan udara ke permukaan lapisan clinker diatas permukaan grate plate. Untuk menjalankan fungsinya, grate cooler memiliki beberapa bagian, seperti polytrack, casing, fan, air blaster, clinker crusser, dan apron conveyor. Slide plate adalah pelat atau batang dengan ketebalan tertentu yang berfungsi sebagai bantalan pada drive polytrack grate cooler. Slide plate sering mengalami keausan karena mengalami gesekan dengan slide rail, temperatur kerja yang tinggi serta menahan beban yang berat. Keausan slide plate dapat mempengaruhi kinerja drive polytrack yang menyebabkan terjadinya penumpukan material pada permukaan grate plate. Pada penelitian ini, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data spesifikasi dimensi slide plate. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran sampel dan wawancara operator. Pengukuran dimensi slide plate dilakukan secara langsung menggunakan jangka sorong. Selain pengukuran dimensi, juga dilakukan pengukuran massa dari slide plate menggunakan timbangan digital. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan laju keausan di ketahui bahwa laju keausan slide plate berbeda beda setiap track. Laju keausan tertinggi terdapat pada track 4 (G1T4) sebesar 1,03 × 10-6 g/mm2.jam. Sedangkan laju keausan terkecil terdapat pada track 6 (G1T6) dan track 8 (G1T8) yaitu sebesar 8,54 × 10-7 g/mm2.jam. Keausan yang terjadi adalah keausan adesif dan keausan abrasif. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keausan yaitu pola operasi, temperatur kerja, jumlah waktu yang digunakan alat selama operasi, keausan yang disebabkan oleh bahan yang digunakan, dan keausan yang disebabkan oleh material asing yang jatuh kepermukaan slide plate.Grate cooler is a type of clinker cooler used by PT Semen Baturaja Tbk to cool clinker by blowing air to the surface of the clinker layer above the surface of the grate plate. To perform its function, the grate cooler has several parts, such as polytrack, casing, fan, air blaster, clinker crusser, and apron conveyor. Slide plates are plates or rods with a certain thickness that function as bearings on the grate cooler polytrack drive. Slide plates often experience wear because they experience friction with the slide rail, high working temperatures and withstand heavy loads. Slide plate wear can affect the performance of the polytrack drive which causes material buildup on the surface of the grateplate. In this study, data collection was carried out by collecting data on slide plate dimension specifications. Data collection was carried out by measuring samples and interviewing operators. The measurement of the slide plate dimensions was carried out directly using a vernier caliper. In addition to dimensional measurements, mass measurements of the slide plate were also carried out using digital scales. Based on the results of the wear rate calculation, it is known that the wear rate of the slide plate is different for each track. The highest wear rate is found on track 4 (G1T4) at 1.03 × 10-6 g/mm2.hour. While the smallest wear rate is found on track 6 (G1T6) and track 8 (G1T8) which is 8.54 × 10-7 g/mm2.hour. The wear that occurs is adhesive wear and abrasive wear. Factors affecting wear are the operating pattern, working temperature, the amount of time the tool is used during operation, wear caused by the materials used, and wear caused by foreign material falling on the surface of the slide plate
STUDY OF DIFFERENT WINGLET CONFIGURATION IN CEILING FAN TO IMPROVE THE AIR FLOW IN CUBIC ROOM
Full text linkWinglet attachment is reducing the induced drag in aircraft; similar concept is tried in ceiling fan, in order to reduce the tip vortices which increase the fan speed and airflow and reduce the electricity consumption. Various shape of winglet attachment such as blend edge, sharp edge, wedge shape, triangle. The air flow was experimentally measured at various locations in various speeds and results were finally discussed. There is a considerable improvement in airflow as compared to without attachment of wingle
Investigating Environmental Degradation of Banana-Sisal Epoxy Composites: Physical and Thermal Properties
Full text linkThis study evaluates the environmental degradation of banana-sisal epoxy composites, focusing on their physical and thermal properties after exposure to moisture, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and thermal aging. Alkali-treated and untreated composites were fabricated and tested for moisture absorption, tensile strength, flexural strength, thermogravimetric stability, and UV resistance. Results indicate that alkali-treated composites absorbed significantly less moisture (1.26%) than untreated composites (2.62%) after 120 hours of water immersion. Treated composites retained 87.6% of their initial tensile strength and 92% of their flexural strength, demonstrating superior mechanical performance compared to untreated composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed higher onset degradation temperatures (Tonset = 275°C) for treated composites compared to untreated composites (Tonset = 255°C) and better residual mass retention at 600°C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed a higher glass transition temperature (Tg = 93°C) for treated composites, indicating improved thermal stability. After 100 hours of UV exposure, treated composites retained 82% of their tensile strength, compared to 68% for untreated composites. These findings demonstrate that alkali-treated banana-sisal epoxy composites possess enhanced resistance to environmental degradation, making them viable for use in construction, automotive, and marine industries. Future research should aim to optimize fiber treatments, develop hybrid and nanocomposites, and conduct long-term durability and sustainability assessments
Analisa Getaran Mesin Milling 1217 Horizontal Terhadap Pengaruh Variasi Kedalaman Potong Pada Proses Pembuatan Roda Gigi
Full text linkSeiring perkembangan teknologi, mesin frais (milling) semakin dibutuhkan dalam produksi dan pendidikan. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh variasi ketebalan pemakanan dan diameter cutter terhadap getaran yang terjadi selama proses pemakanan muka. Variasi ketebalan pemakanan yang digunakan adalah 0,5 mm, 1 mm, dan 1,5 mm, dengan diameter cutter 55 mm. Pengukuran getaran dilakukan menggunakan vibration tester VM-6380 pada tiga arah (vertikal, horizontal, dan aksial), menghasilkan data berupa displacement, velocity, dan acceleration yang diolah menjadi amplitudo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan amplitudo terbesar terjadi pada arah horizontal dengan kedalaman pemakanan 0,5 mm menggunakan cutter diameter 55 mm pada kecepatan 125 rpm sebesar 0,1153 mm. Pada arah aksial, amplitudo tertinggi tercatat sebesar 0,0453 mm pada kedalaman 1 mm, dan pada arah vertikal amplitudo terbesar adalah 0,0492 mm pada kedalaman 1,5 mm. Kesimpulan menunjukkan bahwa amplitudo terbesar secara umum terjadi pada arah horizontal dengan ketebalan pemakanan 0,5 mm. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan penting mengenai pengaruh parameter pemakanan terhadap getaran, yang dapat membantu optimalisasi proses milling
Development of Sustainable Manufacturing Processes for Locally Sourced Materials in Nigeria
No full textThis study explores the development and benefits of sustainable manufacturing processes in Nigeria using locally sourced materials, specifically cassava residues, palm kernel shells, and limestone. Driven by the need to reduce dependency on imported resources, this research addresses economic, environmental, and social impacts associated with conventional manufacturing practices. Results indicate that cassava residues and palm kernel shells demonstrate high compressive and tensile strengths, making them viable alternatives to synthetic materials in structural applications. Limestone, optimized through local sourcing and CO₂ capture technology, proved effective in cement production, reducing carbon emissions by up to 15%. Process optimization, including thermal recovery systems, led to an average energy savings of 25%, while emission reductions across processes averaged 20%. Economic analysis highlighted a 22% reduction in total costs, attributed to savings on transportation and energy, underscoring the financial viability of local resource utilization. The environmental and economic advantages demonstrate sustainable manufacturing’s potential to enhance Nigeria’s resilience to global supply chain disruptions, support local job creation, and align with the country’s climate goals. The study recommends policy support through incentives for sustainable practices, investment in recycling and waste processing infrastructure, and training programs to ensure skilled implementation. Future research should expand these processes to other materials and sectors, integrating advanced monitoring technologies for further efficiencies. These findings provide a foundational approach for Nigeria’s shift towards a sustainable, economically resilient manufacturing sector
Robot Layanan Cerdas All-in-One untuk Lingkungan Serbaguna
No full textABSTRACT – The Multi-Functional Cleaner Robot can effectively complete a variety of domestic cleaning jobs, doing away with the need for many specialized tools because of its adaptable design,. It is capable of precise surface navigation because to its sophisticated sensors and clever algorithms. It can clean confined areas like corners and beneath furniture because of its small size and excellent movement. One of the robot's primary features is a robotic arm that can precisely grasp and raise objects off the ground. Stable object manipulation is ensured by precise end-effector movement and seamless joint coordination. The system adjusts to various object forms and placements by using real-time tactile and visual input. The mobility and handling performance of the robot are optimized using methods such as feedback control and inverse kinematics. As a result, it can efficiently complete operations like picking, sorting, and positioning. The robot greatly lessens the need for humans to do repetitive cleaning tasks. It also has sophisticated safety features to guarantee dependable functioning
 
Combustion Efficiency and Emission Control of Alternative Fuels: A Comprehensive Review
No full textThe growing demand for clean and efficient energy sources has driven the development of various alternative fuels to replace fossil fuels, which continue to dominate the transportation and industrial sectors. This article presents a comprehensive review of the combustion and emission characteristics of four major types of alternative fuels: bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and hydrogen. The review is based on selected scientific literature published between 2020 and 2024, with a focus on thermal efficiency, emission profiles (CO, HC, NOₓ, PM), and relevant emission control technologies. The analysis shows that each fuel exhibits unique characteristics in terms of combustion performance and emission behavior. Hydrogen offers the highest thermal efficiency and zero carbon emissions but requires specialized combustion and storage systems. Bioethanol and biodiesel are relatively compatible with conventional engines, though they face technical limitations and risks of secondary emissions. Biogas demonstrates high potential, particularly when upgraded to biomethane. This study also highlights the importance of integrating fuel selection with appropriate emission control strategies. The findings are expected to serve as a strategic reference for the development of sustainable energy systems in the automotive and industrial sector
Analisa keausan dan evaluasi produktivitas serta efisiensi operasional hammer crusher pada area crusher & raw mill di Pabrik Semen Baturaja II.
Full text linkPT Semen Baturaja is one of the largest cement producers in Indonesia, located in South Sumatra. This company produces various types of cement to meet market needs in the Sumatra region and surrounding areas. In the production process, PT Semen Baturaja Tbk uses a crushing tool to reduce the scale of the materials to be used, one of which is limestone or limestone found in the crusher and raw mill areas. A hammer crusher is an important tool in the cement production process, which functions to hit the material so that it is crushed into smaller sizes. Hammer wear and productivity greatly determines the results of the cement production process. The wear that occurs in this hammer crusher is abrasion wear. In terms of hammer crusher productivity from January to July, the highest value was obtained in March, namely 680.05 tons/hour and the lowest productivity value was in February, namely 547.16 tons/hour. Regarding the efficiency of the hammer crusher, it can be seen that the hammer crusher has a very good efficiency value of 81.48%
Perancangan dan Analisis FEA Alat Pengering Magot Tipe Microwave Conveyor
No full textPengeringan dengan continuous microwave oven merupakan salah satu metode yang bisa diterapkan untuk mengeringkan larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF). Proses ini memanfaatkan radiasi gelombang mikro untuk menguapkan kandungan air dalam larva. Selain itu, penggunaan conveyor yang berjalan pada oven microwave sebagai media atau tempat diletakkannya larva BSF diharapkan dapat mempermudah proses produksi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perancangan dan analisis kekuatan struktur alat pengering larva BSF tipe continuous microwave oven yang dilakukan melalui software Solidworks. Simulasi analisis struktur thermal dengan menggunakan metode Finite Element Analysis (FEA) untuk mengetahui kekuatan struktur pada alat tersebut. Spesifikasi alat pengering larva BSF tipe continuous microwave oven memiliki kapasitas 15 kg, daya input pemanasan 8 KW dan suhu . Dengan variasi waktu pemanasan 20, 30, dan 40 menit didapatkan kecepatan conveyor masing-masing variasi ke-1 yaitu 0,00259 m/s, variasi ke-2 yaitu 0,00177 m/s, dan variasi ke-3 yaitu 0,00133 m/s. Efisiensi daya magnetron yaitu 65 % dan efisiensi energi pengeringan yaitu 19 %. Hasil analisis struktur thermal alat pengering larva BSF tipe continuous microwave oven berdasarkan simulasi didapatkan thermal stress dengan nilai tertinggi 1,664×108 N⁄m2 dan nilai terendah 6,226×10-1 N⁄m2. Hasil simulasi displacement dengan nilai tertinggi 1,8×101 mm dan nilai terendah 1×10-30 mm. Hasil simulasi Safety factor yaitu 3,2. Sehingga dari hasil simulasi tersebut dapat dikatakan aman untuk dilanjutkan ke proses manufacturing.Pengeringan dengan continuous microwave oven merupakan salah satu metode yang bisa diterapkan untuk mengeringkan larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF). Proses ini memanfaatkan radiasi gelombang mikro untuk menguapkan kandungan air dalam larva. Selain itu, penggunaan conveyor yang berjalan pada oven microwave sebagai media atau tempat diletakkannya larva BSF diharapkan dapat mempermudah proses produksi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perancangan dan analisis kekuatan struktur alat pengering larva BSF tipe continuous microwave oven yang dilakukan melalui software Solidworks. Simulasi analisis struktur thermal dengan menggunakan metode Finite Element Analysis (FEA) untuk mengetahui kekuatan struktur pada alat tersebut. Spesifikasi alat pengering larva BSF tipe continuous microwave oven memiliki kapasitas 15 kg, daya input pemanasan 8 KW dan suhu 100℃. Dengan variasi waktu pemanasan 20, 30, dan 40 menit didapatkan kecepatan conveyor masing-masing variasi ke-1 yaitu 0,00259 m/s, variasi ke-2 yaitu 0,00177 m/s, dan variasi ke-3 yaitu 0,00133 m/s. Efisiensi daya magnetron yaitu 65 % dan efisiensi energi pengeringan yaitu 19 %. Hasil analisis struktur thermal alat pengering larva BSF tipe continuous microwave oven berdasarkan simulasi didapatkan thermal stress dengan nilai tertinggi 1,664×108 N⁄m2 dan nilai terendah 6,226×10-1 N⁄m2. Hasil simulasi displacement dengan nilai tertinggi 1,8×101 mm dan nilai terendah 1×10-30 mm. Hasil simulasi Safety factor yaitu 3,2. Sehingga dari hasil simulasi tersebut dapat dikatakan aman untuk dilanjutkan ke proses manufacturing