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Explaining Escalation: The Security Dilemma in Three Contemporary International Conflicts
Full text linkThis paper analyzes the security dilemma through a comparative qualitative study of three conflicts: Russia–Ukraine, Israel–Palestine, and Thailand–
Cambodia. Despite differences in geography, scale, and actors, all three cases show how mistrust, misperceptions, and defensive actions perceived
as offensive drive cycles of escalation. The Russia–Ukraine conflict illustrates a systemic dilemma, shaped by identity, sovereignty, spheres of
influence, and NATO expansion. The Israeli–Palestinian case highlights the limits of the framework in asymmetric conflicts, where overt hostility
reduces the role of misperception. The Thailand–Cambodia dispute demonstrates how symbolism and identity can escalate a minor territorial
dispute into a broader national conflict. Overall, the study confirms the security dilemma as a valuable explanatory tool in International Relations,
conditioned by identity, asymmetry, and hegemonic ambitions
Economic Resilience and Sustainability - Vol. 2 Factors Influencing Consumer Attitude Toward E-commerce: The Case of the Republic of North Macedonia
Full text linkIn an era of globalization and numerous opportunities for growth and development, e-commerce represents a revolution in the many marketing benefits for companies that market their products and services online. Nevertheless, the benefits of e-commerce cannot be realized without proper marketing strategies. Companies are constantly looking for methods to study consumer behavior in e-commerce to comprehend how the consumer makes decisions to purchase products and services. This information helps business managers understand the reasons behind the customer’s purchase or rejection of a product or service. This research paper discusses how various factors influence e-consumers purchasing behavior. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is used as a theoretical framework to describe consumers’ behavior in the online environment. The results indicate that in the Republic of North Macedonia, citizens are aware of the benefits of electronic purchasing of products and services and revealed that consumers’ attitudes toward e-commerce significantly impacted their intent to purchase products and services
Entrepreneurship and pitching of entrepreneurial Ideas
No full textThe workshop is aboit empowering entrepreneurs and young professionals.
It is a one-day training on Entrepreneurship and Pitching Entrepreneurial Ideas.
The event is focused on:
1. Developing entrepreneurial intentions and pitching skills.
2. Enhancing communication, time management, and workplace collaboration.
3. Practical exercises like creating an MVP pitch, ICP, competitor analysis, and crafting go-to-market strategies
Management of an Impacted Mandibular Premolar - Case Report
No full textIntroduction: Impacted teeth can have a negative impact on the development of the dental arch and can cause problems in the positioning of other teeth, maintaining proper oral hygiene and disrupting the patient's aesthetics. The cause of impaction can be caused by malposition of the tooth or insufficient space for its placement. Impaction of the mandibular second premolar is a relatively rare occurrence. Lower second premolars account for approximately 24% of impactions. In this case report the management and the outcome of the surgical treatment is represented.
Case report: A 16-year-old girl was referred by an orthodontist to an oral surgery clinic for consultation regarding possible extraction of a 45 tooth. The panoramic x ray and CBCT showed contact with the root of 44 and possible resorption of the same tooth. During the planned surgical intervention, we found that there is no resorption of 44 and we decided that tooth 45 should be extracted. The first premolar remained in the dental arch.
Conclusion: Well-planned treatment and proper approach during oral surgery is crucial in the management of impacted premolars.
Key words: impacted premolar, CBCT diagnosis, impacted tooth surger
Zucchelli and Sanctisov Technique with GTR Membrane for Covering Multiple Gingival Recessions – Case Report
No full textIntroduction: Gingival recession is always associated with hypersensitivity of the exposed tooth root, and it is one of the most common problems faced by periodontists. Coronally advanced flap (CAF) for root coverage is the most commonly used technique for multiple recessions in combination with GTR membranes.
Aim: The purpose of this case is to demonstrate how the Mukoderm membrane can be used in multiple recessions. Material and methods: This case report describes multiple Miller Class I recessions that occurred due to poor tooth brushing technique, combined with tooth crowding in the maxilla (large teeth, small jaw), all of which are associated with hypersensitivity of the patient’s teeth. The case was treated with a modified Zucchi and Sanctis technique for CAF with GTR membrane. Results: This new approach to CAF is very effective for the treatment of multiple recessions. Good stable results were observed in terms of root coverage, and thus the problems of dentin hypersensitivity and increased thickness of the attached gingiva were resolved. This success was short-lived, this case was followed by failure for several reasons: untreated reocclusion of premature contacts on the operated side, as well as mechanical coating of the patient with Solcoseryl, which was not recommended in this case.
Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of recessions is a necessary prerequisite for success, as is long-term training of patients in maintaining oral hygiene and postoperative care.
Key words: multiple recession, gingival recession, coronally displaced flap, GTR membran
Regenerative horizons: bridging orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery in modern bone healing
Full text linkBone biology stands at the intersection of two rapidly evolving fields -orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery—where the demand for predictable regeneration continues to grow. Although each discipline faces unique anatomical and biomechanical challenges, both share a foundational goal: restoring form and function through biologically sound, minimally invasive, and patient-centered approaches.
The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advancements in bone biology, biomaterials, surgical techniques, and digital planning. Yet, even the most sophisticated tools—piezoelectric surgery, 3D-printed grafts, CAD/CAM prosthetics, or artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics—are ultimately limited by the biological capacity of bone to heal, remodel, and integrate. Therefore, integrating foundational bone biology into everyday clinical decision-making is no longer optional but an essential professional competency.
As biomedical technology accelerates, the integration of tissue engineering, advanced biomaterials, and cellular therapies is shifting the paradigm of bone repair in both the appendicular and craniofacial skeletons
Advances of Polymerase Chain Reaction Sperm Testing in Men With Chronic Prostatitis and Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Full text linkProstate inflammation is a common condition in men characterized by swelling of the prostate gland, often associated with other prostate diseases. Understanding the role of chronic inflammation in prostatic diseases is important due to the changes in prostatic cells and the persistence when undiagnosed. The evaluation and management of chronic prostatitis (CP) and chronic pelvic pain (CPP) involve specific diagnostic tests. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection kits that use multiplex real-time PCR in comparison to standard microbiology sperm culture for detecting pathogens in individuals with CP and CPP. This retrospective observational study analyzed data from a database of 68 patients, aged 50.1 ± 17.8 years and treated at a secondary care urology center. PCR testing detected at least one microorganism in 63/68 samples (92.6%), while conventional culture yielded positive results in 12/68 cases (17.6%). The most detected microorganisms by PCR were the Bacteroides/Porphyromonas/Prevotella group (61.8%). Most of the samples were found to be polymicrobial, with the most common high-order combination consisting of Anaerococcus spp., Atopobium cluster, Bacteroides/Porphyromonas/Prevotella, Megasphaera/Veillonella/Dialister, and Peptostreptococcus/Parvimonas. This study concluded that PCR is more effective than traditional sperm culture in detecting organisms (p < .05), especially in identifying polymicrobial infections and fastidious microorganisms in patients with CP and CPP. PCR has higher sensitivity in detecting pathogens, including those often missed by standard culture techniques, leading to improved clinical outcomes, particularly in cases of polymicrobial infection
Review of Models used to Price Options: Stock-Price vs Option Price and Implied Volatility vs Actual Volatility Comparison for Different Option Pricing Methods
Full text linkThis paper will review LVM models, GP-LVM, CEV model, DD model, Crank-Nicolson, and other finite difference methods, Greeks, SABR, martingales, and LSMC option pricing. The effects of changing the volatility on paths generated by Bachelier, Black-Scholes proved no difference between these two models. Implied volatility for all the models was higher when compared to actual volatility for:BS,BSM, and Bachelier. Crank-Nicolson method for ATM, ITM,OTM showed higher intrinsic value for the price after the initial stock price, but with diminishing returns, intrinsic minus extrinsic value is zero at the last price. In Greeks analysis t was observed no put and call parity for different values of :Delta,Gamma,rho. GP-LVM forecast proved to be closest to the actual stock price
New precisely dated pyroclastic deposits from Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic activity in the central parts of Southeastern Europe
No full textSingle-crystal sanidine 40Ar/39Ar dating revealed at least six new explosive eruption events during the 4.0–3.5
Ma and 3.0–2.5 Ma periods in the eruptive history of the Koˇzuf-Voras volcanic system located in the central parts
of Southeastern Europe. The precise ages helped to redefine the timing and eruptive style of the volcanic system,
as the 4.0–2.5 Ma period was previously considered as mainly quiescent, with dominantly lava dome building
activity recognized so far. The pyroclastic layers (mainly massive tuff-lapilli tuff and massive lithic breccia) are
deposited from phreatomagmatic and subplinian eruptions, and block-and-ash flows in the volcano-sedimentary
Mariovo basin, west of the volcanic system. The newly recognized pyroclastic layers could serve as regional
marker layers, as neither their ages nor their geochemical and isotopic (bulk and glass) compositions overlap
with those previously studied tephra layers, either from the Koˇzuf-Voras volcanic system or from other volcanic sources (e.g., Aegean arc). Differences in the geochemical and isotopic data imply sequential evacuation of closely emplaced, discrete, melt-dominant bodies during the older period. In contrast, the younger sequence might represent a compositionally zoned single melt body. The latter also represents an explosive-to-effusive transition as the top layer is a block-and-ash flow unit resulting from a dome collapse
Electrochemical Analysis of Coupled Double-Regenerative Enzymatic Pathways in Protein Redox Films
No full textRedox-active lipophilic proteins and membrane-associated enzymes such as quinone-interacting oxidoreductases, flavoproteins (FAD/FMN-dependent enzymes), cytochromes, and coenzyme Q–linked systems frequently undergo sequential two-step electron-transfer processes at electrode interfaces. In many of these biologically relevant systems, sustained catalytic turnover is maintained through regenerative chemical steps coupled to each electron-transfer event, leading to complex interfacial electrochemical–catalytic behavior under protein-film voltammetric conditions.
In this study, we develop a theoretical framework tailored for experimental protein-film electrochemistry, describing a surface-confined two-step double-regenerative mechanism (surface EC′EC″) under square-wave voltammetry (SWV) conditions. The model systematically evaluates the combined influence of heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics, rates of chemical regeneration, surface coverage, and instrumental SWV parameters on the forward, backward, and net current components.
Special emphasis is placed on the diagnostic value of the net SWV responses, whose deconvoluted current components provide direct access to mechanistic signatures of sequential electron transfer and catalytic regeneration. The simulations demonstrate how variations in kinetic rate constants, equilibrium constants, and thermodynamic driving forces modulate peak position, symmetry, amplitude, and splitting in experimentally measurable SWV signals. Both moderate and very fast electron-transfer regimes are analyzed, revealing distinct patterns that enable discrimination between kinetic control and catalytic amplification.
The proposed framework offers a quantitative platform for extracting mechanistic, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters from experimental SWV data of protein redox films. It thereby provides practical guidance for interpreting complex voltammetric responses of redox proteins and enzymes involved in biological electron-transport chains and catalytic cycles and establishes clear diagnostic criteria for assessing enzymatic activity and catalytic efficiency directly at electrode surfaces