Marche Polytechnic University

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    OXYTOCIN AND LEPTIN CROSSTALK IN THE REGULATION OF THE ENERGY BALANCE

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    L'ossitocina (Oxt) è un ormone prodotto dai nuclei paraventricolari (PVN) e supraottici (SON) del l'ipotalamo, noti per mediare gli effetti anoressegici centrali della leptina adipochina (Lep), nonché per promuovere la lipolisi del tessuto adiposo (AT) nella periferia. Qui, abbiamo cercato di esaminare se i neuroni Oxt potrebbero rispondere direttamente a Lep e se una tale cascata regolatrice aumenterebbe i livelli di Oxt nel plasma. Topi adulti C57BL/6J sono stati iniettati intraperitonealmente con leptina ricombinante (0,5 mg/ kg) o salina. Abbiamo trovato che Lep indotto c-Fos, ma non p-Stat3, attivazione principalmente in neuroni Oxt del SON. Inoltre, la somministrazione di Lep ha portato ad un aumento dei livelli plasmatici di Oxt in funzione del tempo e con uno schema sesso-dimorfico e ad un aumento dei livelli proteici del recettore Oxt (Oxtr) nell'AT. Tuttavia, il recettore di Lep (Lepr) non è espresso dai neuroni di Oxt e la perfusione di Lep ha mancato di indurre la segnalazione di Ca2+ nei neuroni di SON, ex vivo. Allo stesso tempo, abbiamo rivelato che melanocortin 4 recettore (Mc4r) non è espressa da neuroni Oxt, anche se pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) i neuroni, che sono noti per esprimere Lepr, abbondantemente innervato neuroni Oxt nel figlio. Pertanto, abbiamo caratterizzato un Lep-dipendente Oxt via secretoria guidata in neuroni SON. Poiché il sistema Oxt si forma durante lo sviluppo post-natale e può influenzare la vulnerabilità all'obesità in età adulta, abbiamo esposto i topi al protocollo di "stress precoce della vita" (ELS) (dal giorno postnatale 2-P2 a P9) e ai topi adulti a 12 settimane di dieta ad alto contenuto di grassi (HFD) per valutare i livelli di circolazione Oxt. Abbiamo scoperto che il sistema Oxt endogeno non è significativamente alterato da ELS nei topi a P21, ma è influenzato da HFD in età adulta. In conclusione, il nostro studio indica l'esistenza di una nuova via neuroendocrina che sottende la coincidenza tra Lep e Oxt e che potrebbe essere coinvolta nella regolazione del bilancio energetico, quindi di importanza critica per lo studio dell'obesità.Oxytocin (Oxt) is a hormone produced by the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the hypothalamus, known to mediate the central anorexigenic effects of the adipokine leptin (Lep), as well as to promote adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis in periphery. Here, we sought to address whether Oxt neurons could directly respond to Lep and if any such regulatory cascade would increase Oxt levels in plasma. Adult C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with recombinant leptin (0.5 mg/kg) or saline. We found that Lep induced c-Fos, but not p-Stat3, activation mainly in Oxt neurons of the SON. Furthermore, Lep administration resulted in increased Oxt plasma levels time-dependently and with a sex-dimorphic pattern and in increased Oxt receptor (Oxtr) protein levels in AT. However, Lep receptor (Lepr) is not expressed by Oxt neurons and Lep perfusion failed to induce Ca2+ signalling in SON neurons, ex-vivo. At the same time, we revealed that melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) is not expressed by Oxt neurons, although pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, which are known to express Lepr, abundantly innervated Oxt neurons in the SON. Therefore, we have characterized a Lep-dependent Oxt secretory pathway driven in SON neurons. As Oxt system is shaped during post-natal development and may affect vulnerability to obesity in adulthood, we exposed mice to “early life stress” protocol (ELS) (from postnatal day 2-P2 to P9) and adult mice to 12-weeks of high fat diet (HFD) to assess Oxt circulating levels. We found that endogenous Oxt system is not significantly altered by ELS in mice at P21 but is affected by HFD in adulthood. In conclusion, our study points to the existence of a novel neuroendocrine pathway underlying the crosstalk between Lep and Oxt and possibly implicated in the regulation of the energy balance, hence of critical relevance for the study of obesity

    Obstacle avoidance techniques for mobile collaborative robots

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    Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi di dottorato è incentrato sullo sviluppo di tecniche per evitare gli ostacoli per i robot collaborativi mobili, con l'obiettivo di migliorare la sicurezza e l'efficienza della collaborazione uomo-robot negli ambienti industriali. La ricerca esamina il controllo cinematico di manipolatori collaborativi, robot mobili e sistemi ridondanti. L'approccio proposto si basa sul l'integrazione di modelli teorici, simulazioni numeriche e prove sperimentali per convalidare le strategie sviluppate per evitare gli ostacoli. Un aspetto centrale di questo lavoro riguarda il controllo del l'ambiente di lavoro, del l'operatore e del robot. L'integrazione delle tecniche di evitamento degli ostacoli con un sistema di visione basato su telecamera RGB-D e l'uso del l'apprendimento automatico per rilevare lo scheletro umano sono stati esplorati per i manipolatori, mentre i sensori radar e lidar sono stati utilizzati per i robot mobili. Il capitolo iniziale fornisce una panoramica completa dei principali problemi di prevenzione degli ostacoli per i robot mobili e collaborativi, analizzando le soluzioni attuali e le sfide nel settore. Successivamente, viene analizzata e testata una tecnica di evitamento degli ostacoli per i manipolatori 6-DOF con ostacoli simulati e reali. Successivamente, la tesi esplora il miglioramento delle strategie mediante l'implementazione dell'algoritmo su un robot collaborativo ridondante e sfruttando gli eccessi di gradi di libertà per aumentare l'agilità del robot per evitare ostacoli. Vengono poi esplorati i metodi di evitamento degli ostacoli per un robot mobile non oloonómico con trasmissione differenziale, concentrandosi sulle difficoltà associate alla maneggevolezza limitata del robot e alla navigazione sicura in ambienti dinamici. Un altro capitolo descrive le tecniche per evitare gli ostacoli di un robot mobile omnidirezionale con braccio ridondante. Questa soluzione combina la mobilità avanzata e la versatilità del manipolatore, consentendo una navigazione efficiente in ambienti complessi. In collaborazione con il Politecnico di Torino vengono presentati due esempi di simulazione, utilizzando due diversi tipi di robot mobili collaborativi. Successivamente, vengono discussi i metodi di evitamento degli ostacoli per un manipolatore mobile costituito da un braccio 6-DOF e da una base mobile non oloonomica con ruote differenziali. Il capitolo descrive l'algoritmo proposto, seguito dai dati ottenuti in simulazione e conclude con una strategia per evitare gli ostacoli nelle operazioni industriali standard. Il lavoro si conclude con una sintesi dei risultati ottenuti e alcune proposte per sviluppi futuri. L'approccio innovativo presentato in questa tesi è stato reso possibile grazie alla collaborazione con varie organizzazioni di ricerca e università internazionali. In particolare, la collaborazione con il Politecnico di Torino ha permesso di sperimentare le tecniche di aggiramento degli ostacoli per un robot mobile omnidirezionale a braccio ridondante. L'esperienza acquisita presso l'Istituto di ricerca Joanneum, in Austria, ha contribuito alla definizione di strategie per evitare gli ostacoli per i robot mobili e allo studio degli standard di riferimento. Inoltre, la collaborazione con il laboratorio i-Labs Industry e l'azienda Joytek ha facilitato la sperimentazione in contesti di applicazione reali. La presente tesi rappresenta un contributo significativo allo sviluppo di tecniche avanzate per evitare ostacoli per robot mobili collaborativi, integrando soluzioni teoriche, simulazioni numeriche e prove sperimentali per affrontare le sfide di operazioni sicure ed efficienti in ambienti dinamici e industriali. Le soluzioni proposte potrebbero essere applicate con successo a una vasta gamma di scenari industriali, migliorando l'interazione tra uomo e robot e spianando la strada per future applicazioni innovative nel campo della robotica collaborativa.The work presented in this PhD thesis focuses on the development of obstacle avoidance techniques for mobile collaborative robots, with the aim of improving the safety and efficiency of human-robot collaboration in industrial environments. The research investigates the kinematic control of collaborative manipulators, mobile robots and redundant systems. The proposed approach is based on the integration of theoretical models, numerical simulations and experimental tests to validate the developed obstacle avoidance strategies. A central aspect of this work concerns the monitoring of the working environment, the operator and the robot. The integration of obstacle avoidance techniques with an RGB-D camera-based vision system and the use of machine learning to detect the human skeleton were explored for manipulators, while radar and lidar sensors were used for mobile robots. The initial chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the main obstacle avoidance issues for mobile and collaborative robots, analysing current solutions and challenges in the field. Next, an obstacle avoidance technique for 6-DOF manipulators is analyzed and tested with simulated and real obstacles. Next, the thesis explores the improvement of strategies by implementing the algorithm on a redundant collaborative robot and exploiting the excess degrees of freedom to increase the robot's agility to avoid obstacles. Obstacle avoidance methods for a non-holonomic mobile robot with differential transmission are then explored, focusing on the difficulties associated with the robot's limited manoeuvrability and safe navigation in dynamic environments. Another chapter describes obstacle avoidance techniques for an omnidirectional mobile robot with a redundant arm. This solution combines the advanced mobility and versatility of the manipulator, allowing efficient navigation in complex environments. Two simulation examples are presented in collaboration with the Polytechnic of Turin, using two different types of mobile collaborative robots. Next, obstacle avoidance methods for a mobile manipulator consisting of a 6-DOF arm and a non-holonomic mobile base with differential wheels are discussed. The chapter describes the proposed algorithm, followed by data obtained in simulation, and concludes with a strategy for obstacle avoidance in standard industrial operations. The work ends with a summary of the results obtained and some proposals for future developments. The innovative approach presented in this thesis was made possible thanks to the collaboration with various international research organisations and universities. In particular, the collaboration with the Polytechnic of Turin enabled the testing of obstacle avoidance techniques for an omnidirectional mobile robot with a redundant arm. The experience gained at the Joanneum Research Institute, Austria, contributed to the definition of obstacle avoidance strategies for mobile robots and the study of reference standards. Furthermore, the collaboration with i-Labs Industry laboratory and the company Joytek facilitated experimentation in real application contexts. This thesis represents a significant contribution to the development of advanced obstacle avoidance techniques for mobile collaborative robots, integrating theoretical solutions, numerical simulations and experimental tests to address the challenges of safe and efficient operations in dynamic and industrial environments. The proposed solutions could be successfully applied to a wide range of industrial scenarios, improving the interaction between humans and robots and paving the way for future innovative applications in the field of collaborative robotics

    Moving AI into Clinical Practice: A Trustworthy Approach to Overcome Barriers in Real-World Implementation

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    L’Intelligenza Artificiale (AI), con le sue applicazioni in Machine Learning (ML) e Deep Learning (DL), sta rivoluzionando il settore sanitario. Queste tecnologie forniscono strumenti avanzati per supportare i processi di diagnosi, prognosi, trattamento e follow-up, al fine di migliorare così l’assistenza e la cura del paziente. Nonostante i notevoli progressi, l’introduzione di sistemi basati su ML e DL nella pratica clinica presenta ancora sfide rilevanti, come la presenza di bias nella raccolta dei dati, la difficoltà di generalizzazione dei modelli in ambienti clinici diversificati e le problematiche di integrazione nei flussi di lavoro esistenti, che limitano il pieno potenziale dell’AI in questo ambito. Per superare tali barriere, questa tesi di dottorato trova il suo fondamento nello studio della Commissione Europea “Orientamenti etici per un’AI affidabile”, che delinea i requisiti fondamentali che i sistemi di AI dovrebbero soddisfare per essere considerati affidabili. In particolare, la tesi si concentra sui requisiti di “diversità, non discriminazione ed equità”, “riservatezza e governance dei dati”, “robustezza tecnica” e “intervento e sorveglianza umani”, adattandoli alle specificità e alle sfide dell’ambito clinico. Questo approccio ha portato alla definizione di una pipeline innovativa che rende operativi tali principi, consentendo la loro applicazione concreta in contesti clinici reali. La ricerca si articola in tre fasi interconnesse: 1. Raccolta dei dataset e mitigazione dei bias: Questa prima fase si concentra sull’identificazione e sulla mitigazione dei bias presenti nei dataset, con l’obiettivo di promuovere modelli di AI equi e rappresentativi della diversità delle popolazioni cliniche. 2. Preservazione della privacy e gestione della variabilità multicentrica: La seconda fase affronta le sfide legate alla condivisione di dati clinici sensibili, proponendo metodologie rispettose della privacy, come il Federated Learning (FL), e strategie specifiche per gestire la variabilità dei dati provenienti da più centri sanitari. 3. Integrazione dell’AI nei flussi di lavoro clinici: La terza fase si focalizza sulla progettazione di soluzioni AI che si integrino nei flussi clinici esistenti, coinvolgendo i clinici durante il processo di progettazione per garantire usabilità e allineamento alle pratiche operative quotidiane. Attraverso diversi casi studio, che spaziano dall’utilizzo di dati estratti da cartelle cliniche elettroniche fino a immagini ecografiche e angiografiche, questa tesi dimostra la flessibilità e l’applicabilità della pipeline proposta in diversi contesti clinici. Allineando tale pipeline ai principi di equità, generalizzabilità e human-centered design, questa tesi contribuisce a ridurre il divario tra lo sviluppo algoritmico in laboratorio e la sua applicazione nella pratica clinica, offrendo strategie concrete per un’AI affidabile e innovativa nel settore sanitario.Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly advancements in Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), has revolutionized the way clinical data are managed and processed to provide healthcare operators with decision support and context awareness. Today, AI can support clinicians in diagnosis, prognosis, surgical treatment, and follow-up, potentially providing undeniable benefits to patients. Despite its potential, the design and development of AI algorithms in healthcare present numerous challenges, including data collection biases, model generalization across diverse clinical settings, and barriers to practical implementation. These challenges may hamper the translation of the developed methodologies into actual clinical practice, posing barriers to the full exploitation of AI potentiality. To overcome these barriers, this PhD thesis builds upon the European “Ethical Guidelines for Trustworthy AI”, which outlines key principles such as fairness, robustness, privacy, and human oversight. By focusing on some of these requirements - particularly “diversity, non-discrimination, and fairness”, “technical robustness and safety”, “privacy and data governance”, and “human agency and oversight”, - the thesis proposes a pipeline that operationalizes these principles in real-world clinical applications. The work addresses three interconnected areas: 1. Dataset collection and bias mitigation: This stage addresses the identification and mitigation of dataset biases to enable fair and diverse AI models. By analyzing public datasets, the thesis highlights biases, such as minority, informativeness and selection biases. Representation learning techniques are proposed to reduce the reliance on labeled data and mitigate selection bias. 2. Privacy preservation and multicentric variability management: The second stage focuses on privacy-preserving methodologies, such as Federated Learning (FL), to address data-sharing constraints across diverse clinical datasets and manage variability across clinical datasets through domain adaptation techniques. 3. AI integration into clinical workflows: The third stage emphasizes the development of human-centric solutions into clinical workflows. By engaging clinicians in the design process and aligning with real-world practices, integrated AI systems can enhance usability, reduce operator dependency, and deliver reliable diagnostic support. These stages are demonstrated through diverse case studies, spanning from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to Ultrasound (US) imaging and X-ray Coronary Angiography (XCA), showcasing the pipeline’s adaptability across healthcare applications. By aligning the pipeline with principles of fairness, generalizability, and human-centric design, this thesis seeks to close the gap between algorithm development in the lab and real-world application in clinical environments, offering actionable strategies for trustworthy AI in healthcare

    An efficient, explicit entropy-stable/conserving solver in a modal Discontinuos Galerkin numerical framework

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    Questo lavoro presenta un solutore ad alta precisione per la conservazione/stabilità dell'entropia per la soluzione delle equazioni compressibili di Eulero e di Navier-Stokes. Il metodo è costruito sulla base di un'approssimazione modale discontinua di Galerkin e sfrutta entrambe le variabili di entropia e l'applicazione diretta del bilanciamento dell'entropia (DEEB) per applicare discretamente la conservazione dell'entropia. Grazie al l'adozione di funzioni di base orto-normiche, l'incorporazione della correzione DEEB nel quadro numerico DG considerato comporta un costo computazionale aggiuntivo praticamente nullo. Per i problemi regolari, il DEEB fornisce una correzione esplicita che assicura il carattere di conservazione dell'entropia degli operatori discreti convettivi; ciò viene verificato indipendentemente dal l'insieme delle variabili di lavoro impiegate, essendo queste conservative, primitive, logaritmiche o entropiche. Un miglioramento significativo delle prestazioni del risolutore, tuttavia, si ottiene quando DEEB è accoppiato con una formulazione mista che combina le variabili conservatrici con una "proiezione di entropia" L2. In questo caso, l'approssimazione polinomiale dello stato di entropia razionale viene utilizzata per assemblare i residui delle equazioni, pur mantenendo il termine non stazionario in una forma conservativa. Lo schema risultante mostra un netto miglioramento della robustezza rispetto al l'uso diretto delle variabili conservative, pur mantenendo anche un aumento marginale della complessità computazionale dell'algoritmo di base conservativo per gli integratori espliciti del tempo. Le proprietà di convergenza e conservazione sono dimostrate insieme alla robustezza e all'efficienza computazionale su una serie di casi di prova bidimensionali non viscosi; dimostrando che accoppiando DEEB con proiezione di entropia si migliora la robustezza del risolutore senza influire sul limite di stabilità. Il metodo sviluppato viene poi esteso a considerare anche i flussi viscosi, per i quali una valutazione del carattere di stabilità dell'entropia della discretizzazione dei flussi viscosi viene effettuata anche considerando l'estensione viscosa di alcuni casi di prova bidimensionali. Infine, lo schema è testato su diversi sistemi tridimensionali casi di riferimento, per dimostrare le sue prestazioni nella gestione delle simulazioni di risoluzione in scala in condizioni di forte sottorisoluzione.This work presents a highly accurate entropy conserving/stable solver for the solution of the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. The method is built on top of a modal Dis- continuous Galerkin approximation and takes advantage of both entropy variables and the Direct Enforcement of Entropy Balance (DEEB) to discretely enforce entropy conservation. Thanks to the adoption of orthonormal basis functions, the embedding of the DEEB cor- rection within the considered DG numerical framework comes at a virtually null additional computational cost. For smooth problems, the DEEB provides an explicit correction that ensures the entropy-conserving character of the convective discrete operators; this is veri- fied regardless of the employed set of working variables, being these conservative, primitive, logarithmic or entropic. A significant improvement of the solver performances, however, is achieved when DEEB is coupled with a mixed formulation combining the conservative variables with a L2 “entropy projection”. In this case, the polynomial approximation of the rational entropy state is used to assemble the equations residuals, while retaining the non-stationary term in a conservative form. The resulting scheme shows a dramatic improve- ment in robustness over the direct use of the conservative variables, while maintaining also a marginal increase in the computational complexity of the baseline conservative algorithm for explicit time integrators. Convergence and conservation properties are demonstrated together with robustness and computational efficiency on a suite of two-dimensional inviscid test cases, showing that by coupling DEEB with entropy projection the solver robustness is improved while not affecting the stability limit. The devised method is then extended to consider also viscous flows, for which an evaluation of the entropy-stable character of the viscous fluxes discretization is also carried out by considering the viscous extension of some two-dimensional test cases. Finally, the scheme is tested against several three-dimensional benchmark cases, to prove its performances in handling scale resolving simulations in con- ditions of strong under-resolution

    Healthcare workers safety: a cohort study using healthcare utilisation databases on vaccination and vaccine timeliness impact against SARS-CoV-2 infection

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    Healthcare Workers (HCWs) are at ongoing risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, potentially contributing to its transmission. This study assessed full vaccination and vaccination timeliness impact on SARS-CoV-2 infections among HCWs in Italy’s Marche Region, using Healthcare Utilization Databases. We evaluated vaccination coverage and its associated factors. The cohort comprised 21,118 HCWs aged 18–70 from the region’s five Local Health Authorities (LHA), enrolled between February 2020 - May 2021. Factors associated with full vaccination were assessed using multiple logistic regression. The impact of vaccination status, time to vaccination, occupational role, age, gender, and health status on infection risk was analysed with a multiple Cox regression model, adjusting for vaccination coverage velocity, swabbing probability, and monthly intensive care unit admissions rate in each LHA. Of the cohort, 81.2% were fully vaccinated. Factors associated with full vaccination included age, role, LHA, prior infection, and health status. Vaccination reduced infection risk by 77% (95% CI: 70–82). Infection risk was higher among healthcare assistants, nurses/physiotherapists/technicians compared to physicians, among male HCWs, and it decreased as vaccination timeliness increased. Vaccination timeliness is crucial for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among HCWs, regardless of their characteristics. This underscores the importance of efficiently organizing vaccination administration across different territories and for all HCW categories

    Hypogammaglobulinemia in patients affected by limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis: Case series and review of the literature

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    Background: Hypogammaglobulinemia is a condition that can be related to both primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. While the role of primary immunodeficiency in immune-mediated diseases is well known, its occurrence in systemic sclerosis is not reported. Objectives: This study aims to describe the clinical features associated with hypogammaglobulinemia in a cohort of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of systemic sclerosis patients from two Italian referral centres (2010–2024). Included patients had limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and presented reduced serum concentrations of one or more Ig isotypes (IgG < 700 mg/dL, IgA < 70 mg/dL or IgM < 50 mg/dL) in at least two separate measurements. Patients with secondary causes of hypogammaglobulinemia were excluded. Data collected included demographics, clinical features, Ig levels, infection history and comorbidities. Results: We identified 30 systemic sclerosis patients (93% female, mean age 62 years) with limited cutaneous involvement and hypogammaglobulinemia. Most patients were positive for anti-centromere antibodies and received periodic intravenous infusions of prostaglandin analogues. No patient received immunosuppressive therapy. Median (interquartile range) serum IgG levels 519.5 (175) mg/dL, median IgA 65.5 (48) mg/dL and median IgM 71.5 (49) mg/dL. Four patients who met the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) criteria for common variable immunodeficiency experienced recurrent infections and had associated immune-mediated diseases. Five patients had selective IgA deficiency, with frequent immune-mediated comorbidities (thyroiditis, Sjögren’s syndrome, arthritis, psoriasis). The other patients exhibited mild IgG deficiency without a significant infectious history. Conclusions: This is the first study describing a cohort of patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and hypogammaglobulinemia. Our population presented a high prevalence of immune-mediated comorbidities but low infection rates. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and clinical significance of hypogammaglobulinemia in these patients

    Infective endocarditis and litigation for compensation on healthcare-associated infections: An Italian sample analysis

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    Background: Litigation related to Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) in Italy represent a growing field of interest in establishing the medico-legal link between infection and the healthcare environment and practices for compensation; it is little explored in the cardiovascular surgery regarding infective endocarditis (IE). Methods: We retrospectively analysed the civil judgements on infective endocarditis in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna from 2016 to July 2024 using Ministry of Justice national official database. The search was conducted on the online database on July 31, 2024, using the free word "endocarditis”. Two authors independently analysed the full-text judgements:, those IE without relevance in the reason for the claim were excluded. Main items were the timeline and outcome, with complaint motivation and liability ascertainment. In-court confirmation of healthcare causal link was reported. Results: Twenty-five judgments were retrieved. After screening for inclusion, nineteen judgements (11 of first instance and 8 of appeal) were included, for overall 15 cases of infective endocarditis. Of the fifteen cases, median age 60.5 years, 73 % males, median time for claim 6 years, for judgement 10 years and, if appealed, 16.5 years. Annual distribution of the claims was linear over time. Eleven (67 %) infective endocarditis were confirmed as healthcare-associated in trial. The prevalent reason for liability was improper or delayed diagnosis and/or treatment of the IE. Valvular surgery resulted in 40 %, while the more frequent pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (40 %) and epidermidis (30 %). Of fifteen cases, 73 % was decided in favour of the patient-claimant, with an average cost of €289.872, plus an additional €55.296 in case of appeal. Only in 25 % the appeal's judge changed decision. In all cases, technical advisors were appointed. Conclusions: This sample provides an initial insight into litigation for compensation related to infective endocarditis, highlighting specific characteristics compared to HAIs management in court. Medico-legal reasoning should be integrated into infection prevention and control policies and overall clinical risk management strategies

    Vanadium, molybdenum and nickel: A sustainability analysis of the extraction from ores versus recovery from spent catalysts

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    The current increasing demand of raw materials has pushed the worldwide research towards the development of innovative processes able to recover metals from end-of-life materials. Considering their content of Mo, Ni and V combined with the availability on the market, the waste hydrodesulfurization catalysts represents an interesting secondary raw material. In the perspective of the implementation of circular economy strategies, a real effective recycling must combine a high efficiency with high environmental sustainability level. With this aim, the present paper carried out a sustainability evaluation by the life cycle assessment (LCA) tool to compare an innovative recycling of catalysts with the primary production of V, Mo, and Ni. The analysis proved that the secondary production allows a CO2-eq. emission saving higher than 40 %, corresponding to a carbon credit up to around 2,000,000 peryear,stronglylinkedtothekindofsuppliedenergy(countrybased).Theanalysisfurtherprovedthatthewastecatalysts,canbeintegratedwiththemostcommonsteelscrapstreatmentwiththeimplementationofasuccessfulandsustainableindustryofsecondaryV.Thecurrentincreasingdemandofrawmaterialshaspushedtheworldwideresearchtowardsthedevelopmentofinnovativeprocessesabletorecovermetalsfromendoflifematerials.ConsideringtheircontentofMo,NiandVcombinedwiththeavailabilityonthemarket,thewastehydrodesulfurizationcatalystsrepresentsaninterestingsecondaryrawmaterial.Intheperspectiveoftheimplementationofcirculareconomystrategies,arealeffectiverecyclingmustcombineahighefficiencywithhighenvironmentalsustainabilitylevel.Withthisaim,thepresentpapercarriedoutasustainabilityevaluationbythelifecycleassessment(LCA)tooltocompareaninnovativerecyclingofcatalystswiththeprimaryproductionofV,Mo,andNi.TheanalysisprovedthatthesecondaryproductionallowsaCO2eq.emissionsavinghigherthan40 per year, strongly linked to the kind of supplied energy (country based). The analysis further proved that the waste catalysts, can be integrated with the most common steel scraps treatment with the implementation of a successful and sustainable industry of secondary V.The current increasing demand of raw materials has pushed the worldwide research towards the development of innovative processes able to recover metals from end-of-life materials. Considering their content of Mo, Ni and V combined with the availability on the market, the waste hydrodesulfurization catalysts represents an interesting secondary raw material. In the perspective of the implementation of circular economy strategies, a real effective recycling must combine a high efficiency with high environmental sustainability level. With this aim, the present paper carried out a sustainability evaluation by the life cycle assessment (LCA) tool to compare an innovative recycling of catalysts with the primary production of V, Mo, and Ni. The analysis proved that the secondary production allows a CO2-eq. emission saving higher than 40 %, corresponding to a carbon credit up to around 2,000,000 per year, strongly linked to the kind of supplied energy (country based). The analysis further proved that the waste catalysts, can be integrated with the most common steel scraps treatment with the implementation of a successful and sustainable industry of secondary V

    Valorisation of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) in new sustainable binders

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    Questa tesi esplora il potenziale utilizzo di materie prime alternative e sostenibili, ovvero il filler di calcare (LS) e le argille con basso contenuto di caolino, per ridurre l’impatto ambientale dei leganti idraulici. In particolare, l’attenzione è rivolta all’applicazione di questi materiali in: • leganti a base cementizia sostenibili, ovvero CEM II/B-LL e CEM VI, come classificati dalle normative EN 197-1 e EN 197-5; • leganti LC3 (Limestone Calcined Clay Cement), composti per il 50% da cemento, il 33% da argilla calcinata e il 17% da calcare in massa; • leganti alcalino-attivati. È stato inoltre definito un protocollo standardizzato per la caratterizzazione delle argille caolinitiche come Materiali Cementizi Supplementari (SCM), da utilizzare nella produzione di leganti LC3 o come precursori alternativi per l’attivazione alcalina. Nel Capitolo 1, il cemento Portland e la loppa d’altoforno vengono parzialmente sostituiti con LS a diversi dosaggi per produrre malte standard. I risultati indicano che sia i cementi CEM II/B-LL che CEM VI possono essere classificati come cementi strutturali, a seconda del dosaggio di LS. L’aumento del contenuto di LS porta a una maggiore porosità e assorbimento capillare, in particolare nelle malte CEM II/B-LL, ma riduce il ritiro libero da essiccamento. Inoltre, una maggiore sostituzione dei leganti idraulici con LS riduce significativamente il Potenziale di Riscaldamento Globale (GWP), soprattutto nelle malte CEM II/B-LL. Nel Capitolo 2, viene sviluppato un protocollo per la caratterizzazione delle argille a basso grado di caolino, raccogliendo e analizzando dati su quattro diverse argille (prima e dopo la calcinazione) attraverso varie tecniche chimiche e fisiche. I risultati indicano che CC2, calcinata a 850 °C, è la SCM più adatta da incorporare nei leganti grazie alle sue proprietà superiori. Sulla base di questa caratterizzazione approfondita, è stato definito un protocollo standardizzato per la valutazione di nuove argille sconosciute. Il protocollo consente di determinarne le applicazioni più appropriate, garantendo una valorizzazione efficiente delle argille a basso grado di caolino. In più, suggerisce l’utilizzo ottimale per ciascuna argilla in base ai valori misurati, come la produzione di LC3 o l’attivazione alcalina. Nel Capitolo 3, solo le due argille calcinabili più reattive (CC) sono state selezionate per la produzione di leganti LC3. I risultati confermano il potenziale delle CC come SCM efficaci, a condizione che siano altamente reattive secondo il protocollo di caratterizzazione del Capitolo 2. Il Capitolo 4 presenta uno studio preliminare sull’attivazione alcalina di quattro CC con diversi attivatori alcalini. I risultati mostrano che solo le due CC più reattive, secondo il protocollo di caratterizzazione del Capitolo 2, offrono prestazioni meccaniche soddisfacenti (superiori a 10 MPa dopo 28 giorni di stagionatura) nei conglomerati induriti. Inoltre, la CC con il più alto contenuto di Na2O e il più elevato rapporto molare Si/Al amorfo presenta il maggiore sviluppo di resistenza meccanica. Questo studio evidenzia il grande potenziale nell’utilizzo di materiali sostenibili, come il calcare e le argille a basso grado di caolino, per lo sviluppo di leganti alternativi ed ecologici. I risultati contribuiscono all’attuale ricerca sugli SCM nel contesto delle costruzioni sostenibili, offrendo un importante riferimento per future applicazioni e sviluppi nel settore.This thesis explores the potential use of alternative sustainable raw materials, i.e. limestone filler (LS) and low-grade kaolinitic clays, to reduce the environmental impact of hydraulic binders. In particular, the focus is on the application of these materials in: • sustainable cement-based binders, namely CEM II/B-LL and CEM VI, as classified by the EN 197-1 and EN 197-5 standards • Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) binders, consisting of 50% cement, 33% calcined clay, and 17% limestone by mass • Alkali Activated binders. Moreover, a standardized protocol to characterize kaolinitic clays as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) to be used in the production of LC3 (Limestone Calcined Clay Cement) binders or as alternative precursors for alkali activation has been established. In Chapter 1, Portland cement and blast furnace slag are partially replaced with LS at different dosages to produce standard mortars. The results indicate that both CEM II/B-LL and CEM VI can be classified as structural cements, depending on the LS dosage. Increasing the LS content leads to higher porosity and capillary water absorption, particularly in CEM II/B-LL mortars, but it reduces free drying shrinkage. Moreover, a higher substitution of hydraulic binders with LS significantly lowers the Global Warming Potential, especially in CEM II/B-LL mortars. In Chapter 2, a protocol for the characterization of low-grade kaolinitic clays is developed by collecting and analyzing data from four different clays (both before and after calcination) using various chemical and physical techniques. The results indicate that CC2 (calcined at T = 850 °C) is the most suitable Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) for binder incorporation due to its superior properties. Based on the extensive characterization, a standardized protocol has been developed to assess new, unknown clays. This protocol evaluates key characteristics to determine their most suitable applications, ensuring efficient valorisation of low-grade kaolinitic clays. Additionally, it suggests the optimal use for each clay based on the measured values, such as for LC3 production or Alkali Activation. In Chapter 3, only the two most reactive calcined clays (CC) were selected to produce LC3 binders, which consist of 50% cement, 33% calcined clay, and 17% limestone by mass. The results confirm the potential of CC as an effective SCM, if highly reactive according to the characterization protocol of Chapter 2. Chapter 4 presents a preliminary study on the alkaline activation of four CC with different alkaline activators. The results show that only the two more reactive CC, according to the characterization protocol of Chapter 2, when activated, give satisfactory mechanical performance (exceeding 10 MPa after 28 days of curing) to the hardened conglomerates. Moreover, the CC with both the highest Na2O content and the highest amorphous Si/Al molar ratio exhibits the greatest mechanical strength development. This study highlights the significant potential of using sustainable materials, such as limestone and low-grade kaolinitic clays, to develop alternative, eco-friendly binders. The findings contribute to the ongoing exploration of SCMs in the context of sustainable construction practices, providing a valuable reference for future applications and developments in this field

    Machine Learning-Based Tail Sequence Detection in LDPC-Coded Space Transmissions

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    In the context of space communications, as per the recommendation from the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems regarding TeleCommand synchronization and coding, the Communications Link Transmission Unit is composed of a start sequence, coded data, and a tail sequence, which might be optional depending on the employed error correcting code. The task of detecting the tail sequence must be handled along with that of decoding the codewords containing the transmitted data, and this poses some challenges. In this paper, we propose a machine learning model for recognizing the tail sequence based on the analysis of metrics calculated during decoding, when the transmission is coded with Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes. The model is trained on data produced by an iterative decoder, commonly used in LDPC decoding, with noisy (random) codewords or the noisy tail sequence as inputs. We report the results of some preliminary experiments showing that this approach is capable of achieving very high levels of accuracy using multiple classifiers

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