Kesmas: National Public Health Journal
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Factors Associated with Depression among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at a Tertiary Hospital during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Full text linkDiabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that can cause various complications, economic burdens, and psychosocial issues that eventually lead to depression. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of depression among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic of a South Jakarta tertiary hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2021. The data were collected consecutively from 100 patients aged 18 years or older who came for regular consultation. The instrument used for determining depression is Beck Depression Inventory-II. The prevalence of depression, a correlation between depression and participants' characteristics, and multivariate analysis for risk factors were determined. The results showed that the prevalence of mild to severe depression based on the BDI-II classification was 17%. Screening showed mild to severe depression predominantly in females above 60 years old, with higher levels of education, obesity grade I, individuals with one or more comorbidities, and those who had diabetes for more than ten years. In this study, having one or more comorbidities was associated with an increased risk of depression in people with diabetes
SO2 Concentration and the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five
Full text linkJakarta is the capital city of Indonesia, with 10.7 million inhabitants with poor air quality as of 2020. Higher levels of pollution often come with an increase in the number of health risks and pneumonia cases. This study aimed to determine the association between SO2 concentration and the occurrence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children under five. An ecological time series design was implemented during the study by utilizing secondary data of SO2 concentrations and ARI from the Indonesian Agency for Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysics, the Special Capital Region of Jakarta Environmental, and Health Office. Statistical correlation tests were performed to analyze the association between SO2 concentration and ARI prevalence in five municipalities cities in Jakarta from 2018-2021 based on the rainy and dry seasons. The average concentration of SO2 was 18.06–20.89 μg/m3. The SO2 concentration and the occurrence of ARI in children under five in Jakarta from 2018 to 2021 showed a weak relationship (r = 0.24). It seems that children under five in Jakarta spent their time indoors rather than outdoors; therefore, they were exposed to fewer transportation emissions
The Estimation of Excess Mortality during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia
Full text linkIndonesia is among the countries affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and DKI Jakarta Province recorded the highest number of deaths. This study aimed to analyze the excess mortality across five administrative cities in Jakarta stratified by gender to assess the pandemic impact on mortality. The monthly mortality data from January 2018 to December 2020 was obtained through government sources. This data helped to measure excess mortality by estimating the baseline mortality had the COVID-19 pandemic not occurred. The analysis used a linear mixed model because of its ease and flexibility in forecasting subject-specific mortality. The results showed 13,507 or 35% excess deaths in Jakarta [95% CI: 11,636 to 15,236] between June and December 2020. The excess numbers were found relatively higher among men than women. Furthermore, Jakarta has underreported the COVID-19 deaths at least seven times higher than the reported number of confirmed deaths
Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Its Potential Health Implications in Indonesia
Full text linkThe broad availability of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the Indonesian market is increasing consumption. It, combined with escalating incidence and prevalence of diabetes and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and the ongoing debate on policies, has called for a comprehensive review as described in this study. Data was compiled from various sources but mainly gathered from the reported or published documents because of no direct access to the necessary data set. The lack of studies that assessed the direct relationship between SSB consumption and health outcomes in the Indonesian context also became a strong reason for the preparation of this review to highlight important points for further research, academic reviews, and debates on empiric policies to control sugar consumption at the population level. Sociocultural factors were an apparent and crucial determinant of the sweetness preferences of mainstream Indonesians. They were not capitalized in the available documents and should be embraced in future health promotional measures. Given the high contribution of carbohydrates and sugar to total energy intake in the Indonesian diet, it is pertinent to control the increasing trend of SSBs consumption through interventions on both the supply and demand sides
SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seroprevalence in Jakarta, Indonesia
Full text linkThe SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in low- and middle-income countries remain poorly understood. This study aimed to estimate the SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence in Jakarta, Indonesia, and to increase knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in urban settings. A population-based serosurvey among individuals aged one year or older was conducted in Jakarta. Employing a multistage sampling design, samples were stratified by district, slum, and non-slum residency, sex, and age group. Blood samples were tested for IgG against three different SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Seroprevalence was estimated after applying sample weights and adjusting for cluster characteristics. In March 2021, this study collected 4,919 respondents. The weighted estimate of seroprevalence was 44.5% (95% CI = 42.5-46.5). Seroprevalence was highest among adults aged 30-49 years, with higher seroprevalence in women and the overweight/obese group. Respondents residing in slum areas were 1.3-fold more likely to be seropositive than non-slum residents. It was estimated that4,717,000 of Jakarta's 10.6 million residents had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. This suggests that approximately 10 infections were undiagnosed/underreported for every reported case. About one year after the first COVID-19 case was confirmed, close to half of Jakarta's residents have been infected by SARS-CoV-2
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): A Comprehensive Analysis of the Malaise and Summarizing Possible Management Options through Phytotherapeutic Agents
Full text linkBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a severe illness affecting middle-aged and geriatric male patients. This disease normally occurs at the age of 40 or above and is also associated with sexual dysfunction. Alpha-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors are the preferred drugs practiced to treat BPH. However, invasive surgical therapy remains the gold standard for managing the condition in the case of refractory and intricate BPH conditions. Due to the fear of sexual dysfunction and the detrimental influence on their quality of life, most patients seek to avoid synthetic drugs and surgery. For this reason, several patients turn to phytotherapy and other alternative therapies. The authors looked at the existing perceptions of epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology associated with BPH in this review article. In addition, this article contained basic information on the pathological roles of inflammation in BPH and various diagnoses and treatment options. It was well reported that the administration of medicinal herbs played a vital role in managing BPH. In recent years, many researchers worldwide have reported the efficiency and safety of phytochemicals in managing numerous pathological disorders in-vivo and in-vitro conditions and the prevention of illness
Infarct Diameter for Predicting Cognitive Dysfunction in Ischemic Stroke Survivors in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Full text linkCognitive dysfunction is an important consequence of ischemic stroke, which can progress in the first few years and is primarily determined by clinical factors. This study aimed to investigate the clinical determinants of cognitive dysfunction in stroke survivors in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study assessed 255 ischemic stroke survivors with a mean age of 57.1±9.3 years old and 29–79 years old, recruited consecutively in three main hospitals in West Nusa Tenggara Province between March 2019 and October 2021. Categorical data collected included age, sex, education level, clinical determinants of ischemic stroke, and cognitive status of the patients. The association between the clinical determinants of ischemic stroke and the risk of cognitive dysfunction in patients was analyzed using logistic regression after adjusting for age, sex, and level of education. The final multiple logistic regression analysis models revealed infarct diameter as the only clinical determinant significantly associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction (OR = 3.14;95% CI = 1.20–8.23). Thus, a larger infarct diameter is the only clinical determinant of cognitive dysfunction in ischemic stroke survivors in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
Body Image, Quality of Life, and Their Predicting Factors in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study
Full text linkPregnancy can influence women’s psychological health, including body image and quality of life. This study aimed to examine the relationship between body image and quality of life and their predicting factors in pregnant women. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 pregnant women referred to health centers in Ilam City, Iran. Participants were selected using a random sampling method. Data collection tools comprised a sociodemographic questionnaire, Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), and quality of life questionnaire (Short Form-12). Data were analyzed using statistical software. The mean ± SD of body image concern and quality of life was estimated at 31.77 ± 9.86 and 54.62 ± 15.71, respectively. There was a significant and negative correlation between body image and quality of life (p-value = 0.001, r = -0.313). Also, the most important predictors of body image were vitality, body mass index (BMI), general health, and unintended pregnancy, respectively, and body dissatisfaction was the most significant predictor of quality of life. This study revealed some variables affecting pregnant women’s body image and quality of life. Further studies are required to consider other factors influencing body image and quality of life among pregnant women
Review of Different Methods of Abnormal Mass Detection in Digital Mammograms
Full text linkVarious images from massive image databases extract inherent, implanted information or different examples explicitly found in the images. These images may help the community in initial self-screening breast cancer, and primary health care can introduce this method to the community. This study aimed to review the different methods of abnormal mass detection in digital mammograms. One of best methods for the detection of breast malignancy and discovery at a nascent stage is digital mammography. Some of the mammograms with excellent images have a high intensity of resolution that enables preparing images with high computations. The fact that medical images are so common on computers is one of the main things that helps radiologists make diagnoses. Image preprocessing highlights the portion after extraction and arrangement in computerized mammograms. Moreover, the future scope of examination for paving could be the way for a top invention in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for mammograms in the coming years. This also distinguished CAD that helped identify strategies for mass widely covered in the study work. However, the identification methods for structural deviation in mammograms are complicated in real-life scenarios. These methods will benefit the public health program if they can be introduced to primary health care's public health screening system. The decision should be made as to which type of technology fits the level of the primary health care system
Diabetes Mellitus and Mortality among COVID-19 Patients in Jakarta, March-August 2020
Full text linkDiabetes mellitus (DM) comorbidity is one of the risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality. This study aimed to determine the association of comorbid DM and mortality among COVID-19 confirmed cases in DKI Jakarta Province, controlled with confounding variables from March to August 2020. The study design was a retrospective cohort using cox proportional hazard regression, with a total sample of 1,480. The data consisted of 740 COVID-19 cases with and 740 without comorbid DM. The inclusion criteria were COVID-19 confirmed cases with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) laboratory testing reported to the DKI Jakarta Provincial Department of Health, and the exclusion criteria were pregnant women. The study result indicated that the Crude Hazard Ratio (CHR) of DM and mortality among COVID-19 confirmed cases was 7.4 (95% CI = 4.5-12.3, p-value50 years)