Kesmas: National Public Health Journal
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Personal Exposure of Traffic Policeman to Particulate Matter in Jakarta: Distribution of Size, Chemical Composition, and Work Time
Get PDFParticulate matter (PM) is an air pollutant that has an impact on public health, especially in an urban area. The objective of this study was to analyze the personal concentration of PM2.5 and its composition among police working in the roadside area in Jakarta. PM measurement has done to the policeman that controlled traffic on four near highway locations in Jakarta. Sioutas impactor, Leland Legacy personal pump, and quartz fiber filter were chosen to measure the fine particles. Each PM was measured for 8-hour period. PM concentration was analyzed by the gravimetric method while tracing element and black carbon in PM0.25 by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and EEL Smoke Stain Reflectometer. As a result, near highway PM2.5 concentration in Jakarta during weekdays and weekends measurement are 92.18 ± 10.66 μg/m3, and 78.09 ± 11.61 μg/m3. S, K, Fe, Ca, Zn, and Pb are major elements found in all locations. The black carbon concentration in all location was 17 ± 5.7 μg/m3. A high concentration of fine particles, a traffic-related trace element in PM0.25, and black carbon are showed that traffic-related source is the major contributor to a high level of fine particulate matter at near highway locations in Jakarta. The weekday's concentration of PM2.5 and PM0.25 among Jakarta Policemen was higher than in the weekend concentration. A particle with size of less than 0.25 µm dominated the fine particles concentration. Further researcher is expected to see the difference in the effects of traffic-related particulate matter exposure between traffic policeman and police who work at office
Exclusive Breastfeeding and Decrease of Upper respiratory Infection Incidence among Infants Aged 6-12 Months in Kampar District, Riau Province
No full textUpper Respiratory Infection (URI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of infants and toddlers in developing countries. The high infant morbidity and mortality rates in Indonesia are associated with the low exclusive breastfeeding ability. Breast milk is a natural drink for newborns in the first month of life that is beneficial not only for the babies, but also for mothers. The aim of study was to determine exclusive breastfeeding and decrease in incidence of URI among infants aged 6-12 months. This study was conducted by using case control design. Samples were taken by using cluster random sampling. Subject of study consisted of 162 cases and 162 control with infants aged 6-12 years. Cases were 162 infants aged 6-12 months suffering from URI within one last month and taken by mothers to primary health care that was selected location of study, while control was mothers who took their infants aged 6-12 months who did not suffer from URI within one last month to the selected primary health care. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate, stratification, and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Results of study found that infants who were not exclusively breastfed were 1.69 times (95% CI: 1.02-2.80) more at risk of increasing URI incidence compared to infants who were breastfed exclusively after controlled by smoker in house and immunization variables. Health promotion of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding, provision of immunization, and anti-smoking program need to be implemented continuously to decrease the rates of morbidity and mortality due to URI disease
Risk Assesment of Air Pollution Exposure (NO2, SO2, Total Suspended Particulate, and Particulate Matter 10 micron) and Smoking Habits on the Lung Function of Bus Drivers in Palembang City
Get PDFNitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), Particulate Matter (PM10) and TSP are the most common and harmful air pollutants to humans. In short period, air pollution exposure at 5 ppm for 10 minutes to humans causes dyspnea, and when the level is increase to 800 ppm could cause 100% mortality in animals. This study was an analytical research, with cross sectional design and risk analysis. One hundred subjects were analyzed in this study. The results showed that non-cancer Hazard Index (HI) for realtime exposure with mean value was NO2: 1.85; SO2: 2.92; TSP: 7.09; and PM10: 11.7 (HI value ≥1). The results of the analysis test for FVC lung capacity to non-cancer risk estimation of NO2, SO2, TSP and PM10 indicated that there was no significant relationship (p > 0,05). Variable of smoking habit is the most dominant variable (OR = 12,542) which affect respiratory disorders. The exposure of NO2, SO2, TSP and PM10 in Palembang City bus drivers is considered risky to non-cancer health subjects, so control is needed. This control could be performed by lowering the level of inhalation intake (I) of the RfC and the first simulation model for exposure could start from the second year to the sixth year.
Type 2 Diabetes Patients’ Need for Physical Activity Programming: A Qualitative Study at a Yogyakarta Hospital Clini
Get PDFPhysical activity programs offered in Indonesian hospitals are often inadequate to help type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients meet international physical activity recommendations. This study aimed to identify T2D patients’ physical activity enablers and barriers, their preferences for, and experiences with, physical activity programming, with a view to developing future programs that are suited to these patients’ needs and preferences. Four focus groups were conducted with 28 patients (50% female) of the T2D clinic at the Local General Hospital of Yogyakarta. Discussions were thematically analysed in NVivo 10. The most reported types of physical activity were walking and participation in the hospital-based exercise program. Participants were motivated to be physically active for the health benefits and for social interactions. The main barriers to physical activity were a lack of enjoyment, the absence of knowledge about appropriate activities for T2D patients, and a shortage of time due to social and family obligations. Based on study participants’ preferences, future physical activity programs need to include educational components, regular clinical evaluations, consultations with health educators, and efforts to increase the reach of the programs. This study provides practical suggestions for physical activity programming that meet the needs of T2D patients in Indonesia
The Risk of Hypertension in Adulthood as a Consequence of Adolescent Obesity
Get PDFPopulation increase in adolescence are associated with increased overweight and obesity problems. If this problem not early intervention will have an impact on increasing hypertension prevalence and risk of death. This research aimed to explain the consequences of overweight and obesity in adolescent to hypertension in adults. The study used Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) data with a retrospective cohort study. Adolescent BMI measurements on 2007 and the risk of hypertension on 2014. Population are all adolescents aged 10-20 years in 2007. Sample of 1,697 adolescent who randomly IFLS 2007 with the inclusion criteria: biological children and a single birth, children living with biological parents, children remain alive until adulthood on 2014. Multivariate analysis used logistic regression. The study found 8.1% women and 5.6% men were overweight and obes. In adulthood, there was a 45.4% incidence of hypertension. Incidence of hypertension in men (67.3%) more than women (26.8%). The multivariate model showed adolescence BMI affects the blood pressure after controlled the BMI adult, adolescence blood pressure, area of residence, and gender.Gender interacts with adolescence BMI. The risk of hypertension in adulthood based on overweight and obese in adolescent boys is 3 times and girls is 2 times
Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, and Health Beliefs of Pregnant Women about Urinary Tract Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors: A Local Filipino Community Experience
Get PDFUrinary tract infection (UTI) during pregnancy is assumed to be associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality; hence, a proper assessment of knowledge and practices is crucial to formulate preventive strategies to ensure the health of both the mother and the baby. The study determined the knowledge, attitude, practices (KAP), and the beliefs of pregnant women about UTI based on the Health Belief Model. A survey questionnaire was used to gather data from pregnant women with and without UTI. The association of the pregnant women’s sociodemographic characteristics with their KAP and health beliefs was determined using Pearson’s chi-square test. Results of the study showed that the majority of pregnant women have unsatisfactory knowledge with a positive attitude and good hygienic practices against UTI. Educational qualification and socioeconomic status showed a significant association with the KAP of pregnant women. Positive attitude and satisfactory hygienic practices were evident among the respondents despite their unsatisfactory knowledge. The salient traits of the Filipino women are exhibited on the descriptive of the Health Belief Model that include being resilient amid a problem and considering difficulties not as barriers but opportunities to make life healthier and better
Obesity as Type 2 Diabetes Common Comorbidity: Study of Type 2 Diabetes Patients’ Eating Behaviour and Other Determinants in Jakarta, Indonesia
No full textObesity is one of the comorbidities widely occurred among type 2 diabetes patients. It is one of the most modifiable risk factors for the prevention of other comorbid conditions such as diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to recognize eating behaviour, physical activity, and other related factors, also their correlation with obesity as comorbidity among type 2 diabetes patients. Using cross-sectional design, data were collected from purposively selected 133 members of “PROLANIS” in Jatinegara Primary Health Care, East Jakarta. Food intake was assessed by 1x24 hours food recall and FFQ, physical activity by GPAQ. The result showed 63,9% of adult with type 2 diabetes were obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), fat intake was higher than recommendation (30,77±9,06%), but mean energy intake was insufficient compared to energy requirement (62,06±23,67%). The prevalence of obesity among adults with type 2 diabetes is found associated with nutrition knowledge, level of education, and length of suffering type 2 diabetes. Nutrition education is important to reduce the prevalence of obesity among adults with type 2 diabetes
Private Midwives’ Perceptions on Barriers and Enabling Factors to Voluntary Counselling and HIV Test (VCT) in Bali, Indonesia
Get PDFIn Indonesia, more than half of pregnant women seek antenatal care (ANC) at private midwifery clinics. The midwives play an important role in advocating for voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) uptake among pregnant women during ANC. This study examined midwives’ perception of barriers and enabling factors with regards to refer pregnant women for HIV testing. The study was conducted in Denpasar City and Badung District, two localities in Bali with high HIV prevalence. Two focus groups discussions with 15 private midwives and five in-depth interviews were conducted. Data were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis methods were used to examine patterns emerging from the data. Results showed that private midwives face personal barriers in the form of stigma as well as institutional barriers such as VCT operational hours that limit how and when they refer women for VCT. Barriers are strengthened by lack of support or reward from the health office. However, opportunities for integrated and comprehensive support systems within the health system and supportive social environment which would make it easy and rewarding for midwives to refer women to VCT clinics were seen as enabling factors. Increasing uptake of VCT is a necessity for eliminating mother to child HIV transmission.
Perception of People Living with HIV/AIDS on Social Stigma of HIV/AIDS in Sukoharjo District
Get PDFThe stigma of wrong society about HIV / AIDS is one of the obstacles to prevention and control of HIV / AIDS in Sukoharjo District. This study aims to determine the relationship of characteristics, causal factors and duration of HIV / AIDS with the perception of people living with HIV to the stigma of society about HIV / AIDS in Sukoharjo District. The research used is analytical descriptive with cross sectional approach. The population is all people with HIV / AIDS until April 2016 amounted to 256 with a sample of 156 people with sampling technique quota sampling. Bivariate analysis with chi square test and multivariate analysis with linear regression. The results showed that most of the respondents were 30-40 years old (69.2%), male gender (60.9%), secondary education (44.2%), private employment (30.8%), HIV / AIDS <5 years (66.7%), HIV / AIDS-related causes of freedom (55.8%) and negative perceptions of community stigma about HIV / AIDS (67.9%). The statistical test shows that there is a relationship between age (p value = 0.001) and last education (p value = 0.015) with the perception of people living with HIV / AIDS on community stigma about HIV / AIDS. Multiple regression test is known that the age and the last education of respondents together influence the perception of people living with HIV to the stigma of society about HIV / AIDS and education have more influence than age respondent. The need to provide true information about HIV / AIDS both to PLWHA and the community so that there is no negative stigma about HIV / AIDS.Keywords: characteristics, causal factors, duration of Suffering, perception of PLHIV community towards the stigma about HIV / AID
Risk Factor Analysis of Overnutrition Among Elementary School Children in Pekanbaru: An Urban-rural Perspective
Get PDFThe prevalence of childhood overnutrition is increasing in many parts of the world including Indonesia. National basic health research (RISKESDAS) 2010 showed that over-nutrition in urban children (10.4%) was greater than in rural areas (8.1%). The purpose of this study was to analyse risk factors for overnutrition on elementary students in urban and rural areas in Pekanbaru. This was an observasional analytical study with cross-sectional design. This study involved 137 urban and 113 rural students from six elementary schools in Pekanbaru recruited by quota sampling technique. This study was conducted between April-May 2018. The results showed that the proportions of overweight and obesity in urban Pekanbaru were 16.1% and 16.8% respectively, while in rural areas were 12.4% and 9.7%, respectively. Furthermore, outdoor activity and snacking habit were significant contributors of childhood overnutrition in urban area whereas frequency of main meal was associated with childhood overnutrition in rural area. In conclusion, there was no difference in the incidence of overnutrition among elementary students in urban and rural areas in Pekanbaru. This study indicated that obesity risk factors may be different between urban and rural areas in Pekanbaru