Kesmas: National Public Health Journal
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Impact of Lockdown in India: A Case Study on Karnataka with International Model
No full textCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared an epidemic and a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO), prompting various countries to implement early and stringent social distancing protocols through lockdown, to flatten the epidemic curve. The objective of our present study was to assess the impacts and effectiveness of the lockdown protocol in Karnataka and Punjab, compared with the implementation of this method in Australia and the United Kingdom (UK). This study involved the collection of data from different authorized databases, in two phases. The first phase included the time starting with the first-reported index case through the 14th day after the declaration of lockdown, for each country. The second phase involved the data collected between the 15th day through the 28th day of the lockdown. The highest doubling rate for cases was observed in Australia, followed by Karnataka and Punjab, whereas the lowest was observed in the UK. Comparisons of the numbers of the samples tested, the mortality rate, and the recovery rate between Karnataka and Punjab, after the implementation of lockdown, revealed a better recovery rate and lower mortality rate in Karnataka than in Punjab. Our study revealed that the implementation of social distancing and lockdown reduced the transmission of the coronavirus and the number of cases reported. However, the effectiveness of lockdown varied among locations, due to demographic and physiological differences
Utilization of Family Planning Contraceptives among Women inthe Coastal Area of South Buru District, Maluku, 2017
Get PDFMaluku Province is one among provinces in Indonesia with a contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) lower than the national average. This study aimed toexamine factors associated with the utilization of family planning contraceptives among women of reproductive age living in the coastal area of South BuruDistrict, Maluku, Indonesia. Data were derived from a household health survey conducted in five subdistricts in South Buru, e.g., Namrole, Leksula, Waesama,Kapala Madan and Ambalau Subdistricts on November 2017 by the Faculty of Medicine, Pattimura University in Ambon. Information on contraceptive usewere collected from 390 married women aged 20 - 49 years. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to examine the factorsassociated with utilization of family planning contraceptives. This study found a low rate of utilization of family planning contraceptives (38.5%). The odds ofutilization modern contraceptive significantly reduced among women living in Ambalau and Leksula Subdistricts, aged 41 - 49 years, those who intend to havemore number of children, and with a low level of knowledge about family planning contraceptive methods
A Holistic-Comprehensive Approach: Best Practices to Improve Health Policy for COVID-19 Pandemic
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic affects entire communities and causes a huge impact on all life aspects which include biological, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. Health systems and health policies are promising developments and opportunities to review progress and accelerate interventions in COVID-19 control. Studies devoted to core holistic-comprehensive issues surrounding this pandemic are limited. Therefore, this article aimed to review several best practice studies that reflect holistic-comprehensive approaches to COVID-19. A comprehensive literature review was written based on 15 articles from the data sources which are Google Scholar, Science Direct, ProQuest Health, and Medical Complete, and ProQuest Science Journals from 2010 to 2020, searched terms related to holistic, comprehensive, outbreak, pandemic, epidemics, and COVID-19. There are many evidence-based practices on safe and effective strategies to improve all aspects of well-being before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Among these promising strategies, a holistic-comprehensive approach could also be considered as a necessary action to improve health policy during the pandemic. A holistic-comprehensive approach involved providing bio-psycho-socio-spiritual care and offered a continuum of healthcare that provides promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services. A holistic-comprehensive approach to the COVID-19 pandemic requires a sustained commitment from entire communities, stakeholders, and policymakers to achieve better health outcomes for all
Traveler’s Infections: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 as a Potential Agent
Get PDFCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major, global, public health challenge. More than 1,051,635 confirmed cases (and counting) have been reported worldwide, thus far, and both local and international travelers are considered to represent populations at high risk of acquiring the infection. Many factors are involved in the spread of this viral agent, including travel to and from endemic areas, a history of contact with a traveler from an endemic country, the virus infection rate at the destination, individual health, and inadequate prevention and control measures. COVID-19 symptoms range from fever and cough to difficulty breathing, and more severe cases can present with pneumonia and multi-organ failure. The virus is thought to be transmitted through large respiratory droplets, generated by coughing or sneezing and transmitted through close contact with infected persons or contaminated surfaces. Diagnostic strategies include the assays for the detection of antiviral antibodies, multiplex nucleic acid amplification, and microarray-based assays. Currently, no approved antiviral therapy or vaccine exists to treat or prevent the infection. Public health measures, such as quarantine, have been enforced, to slow the community spread of the virus, by governments, worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have recommended COVID-19 infection screening be performed at airports, for all travelers, before traveling to endemic countries and the restriction of travel to countries more than one thousand cases of infection. In response to the global outbreak, this review examines COVID-19 as a potential traveler’s infection
Physiological Factors and Physical Activity Contribute to the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia
Get PDFType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the sixth highest cause of death in Indonesia. Thus, it must be prevented and overcome with appropriate management. This study aimed to determine the contribution of physiological factors and physical activities to the incidence of T2DM. The study used a cohort retrospective design using secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) from 2007 to 2014, which included a sample of 14,517 people involved for more than 20 years. Data analysis was performed using multiple logistic regressions. The results revealed a 3.8% incidence of T2DM in Indonesia. Record of hypertension risk increased the likelihood of T2DM by 1.7 times compared to without hypertension. A normal body mass index (BMI) increased the risk by 2.2 times, a higher BMI at 5.5 times, and BMI whose risk obesity was 7 times had greater likelihood of having T2DM compared with respondents with a thin BMI. After controlling for sex, age, marital status, record of parents’ DM, residence, employment, and education, results also indicated that people with less active physical activity were likely to have T2DM compared to those who were very active. Controlling blood pressure, maintaining a normal BMI, and increasing physical activity since adolescence can prevent T2DM
From Social Distance to Physical Distance: A Challenge for Evaluating Public Health Interventions Against COVID-19
No full textThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected every country. Currently, no suitable vaccine or treatment has been identified; therefore, each country has attempted to issue appropriate policies, designed to reduce and prevent increases in the numbers of extreme cases. Transmission can be prevented by implementing social restrictions, also known as social distancing. The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued several methods for the prevention of transmission, including social distancing, washing hands with soap (or using hand sanitizer containing at least70% alcohol), and using masks. Over time, the term social distance has changed to physical distance. Evaluating the impacts of different types of non-pharmacological interventions has been challenging
Education through WhatsApp Media in Changing of Smoking Behavior among Senior High School Students
Get PDFTeenagers, who are considerably susceptible to smoking, must be educated to prevent smoking behavior that can cause health problems and even death. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of education through social media such as WhatsApp in the modification of smoking behaviors among senior high school students in Pangkep District, Indonesia. It employed a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest-only control group design. The experimental group received education in the use of WhatsApp social media, while the control group was provided with leaflets. Data were collected through observation and interviews with a total of 180 students in both groups, with 90 students in each. Data analysis used a paired sample t-test and an independent sample t-test. The study suggested that disseminating health information through WhatsApp media about the dangers of teenage smoking was more effective than leaflets in changing student behavior
Effects of Climbing Choice, Demographic, and Climate on Walking Behavior
Get PDFWalking is a public health recommendation to increase physical activity. Although walking for transport is associated with health benefits, it is frequently avoided when a mechanized alternative is available and when the weather or individuals’ available resources are unfavorable. The present quasi-experimental study used chosen walking speed to estimate the use of resources by pedestrians and investigated 730 pedestrians’ behavior when approaching a choice point between a short stair and a ramp at an exit from a university campus toward the local train station on six separate days. Results revealed that individuals who climbed the stairs walked faster than those who chose the ramp. In addition, females and those who were overweight walked slower than their comparator groups. Temperature was associated with walking behavior; as temperature increased, the walking speed of pedestrians decreased. Moreover, the purpose of walking is an important determinant of walking speed. Minimization of time to arrive at the train station as quickly as possible is a plausible alternative explanation for the effects of resource allocation on walking speed
Benson's Relaxation Therapy and Sleep Quality among Elderlyat a Social Institution in Inakaka, Indonesia
Get PDFSerious sleep disturbances among elderlies include attention or memory disorders, depression and often fall. A quasi experimental study design with pre-posttest with control group was performed to determine effect of Benson’s relaxation therapy on sleep quality among the elderly, and influences of sex, age anddisease suffered differences. Of a total of 46 elderlies from a Social Institute in Ambon, 29 were taken for the treatment group and 19 for the control group.The treatment group was interfered with Benson’s breathing relaxation for 14 days. Sleep quality was measured using Pittsburg sleep quality index form. Datawere analyzed using independent t-test and multivariate of variance with signifinat level 0.05. This study found that Benson’s relaxation therapy was able toimprove significantly the elderly sleep quality (p-value = 0.046), and no significant difference between sex, age and disease suffered in elderly sleep quality(p-value > 0.05). The Benson’s relaxation therapy was able to improve the elderly sleep quality especially in Inakaka Social Institution
The Impact of Large-scale Social Restrictions on the Incidence of COVID-19 : A Case Study of Four Provinces in Indonesia
Get PDFThe Indonesian government has chosen to implement large-scale social restrictions, or Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB), to minimize the spread of COVID-19. PSBB is a government policy aimed at restricting the internal movement of people in a bid to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to assess the impact of such large-scale social restriction measures on the incidence of COVID-19 cases in four provinces of Indonesia. Time series analysis was used to describe trends in COVID-19 cases by using surveillance data from the Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Quasi-Poisson regression with an interaction model was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR), and this was calculated to compare the incidence rate before and during PSBB implementation. The trend in COVID-19 cases in the provinces of West Java, East Java, Banten, and Jakarta has continued to fluctuate. These four provinces have continued to experience a significant increase in the COVID-19 incidence rate ratio after the implementation of the first and second PSBB periods compared to the period before PSBB implementation. Lack of proper implementation of the large-scale social restrictions has led to PSBB’s ineffectiveness in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases in each of the provinces