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The Manifestation of the Dual ROS-Processing and Redox Signaling Roles of Glutathione Peroxidase-like Enzymes in Development of Arabidopsis Seedlings
Get PDFPlant glutathione peroxidase-like (GPXL) enzymes are thiol-based peroxidases that reduce H2O2 or hydroperoxides to water or alcohols using electrons principally from thioredoxin. Arabidopsis thaliana possesses eight isoenzymes (AtGPXL1−8) located in different plant organelles and have various roles in redox-dependent processes. The determination of the redox potential of 6-day-old T-DNA insertional mutants (Atgpxl1–Atgpxl8) using a cytosolic redox-sensitive fluorescent probe (roGFP2) uncovered more oxidized redox status in the shoot and/or root of the untreated mutants, except for Atgpxl5. To investigate the involvement of AtGPXLs in the growth and abiotic stress responses of seedlings, the 4-day-old Atgpxls were exposed to salt and osmotic stresses for two weeks. The evaluation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of untreated 18-day-old plants using fluorescent microscopy revealed the elevated accumulation of total ROS in the shoots and, in some cases, the roots of the mutants. Regarding the growth of roots, both the length of primary roots and/or the number of lateral roots were affected by the mutation of AtGPXLs. A strong negative correlation was observed between the ROS level of wild type shoots and the development of lateral roots, but it was altered in mutants, while in the case of Atgpxl1, Atgpxl5, and Atgpxl7 seedlings, it disappeared; in other mutants (Atgpxl4, Atgpxl6, and Atgpxl8), the correlation became stronger. Our analysis underpins the discrete role of AtGPXL enzymes in controlling the growth and development of plants by fine tuning the ROS contents and redox status in an organ-specific way. Differences in root phenotype and metabolic activity between Atgpxl mutants and wild type plants highlight the essential role of AtGPXLs in ROS processing to support growth, which is particularly evident when one GPXL isoenzyme is absent or its activity is reduced, both under normal and abiotic stress conditions
The effect of nanoceria on the alginate-gum arabic crosslinking mechanism and in vitro behavior as a wound dressing
Get PDFThe nanomechanical performance and water uptake of a flowable short fiber composite: the influence of bulk and layering restorative techniques
Get PDFThis study aimed to evaluate the nanomechanical surface properties and water uptake of a flowable short-fiber-reinforced composite (SFRC) using various restorative techniques in order to assess its potential as a standalone restorative material. Nanoindentation and compressive creep testing were employed to characterize material performance. Three resin composites were examined: a flowable SFRC (everX Flow), a bulk-fill particulate filler composite (PFC), and a conventional PFC. Five experimental groups were established based on the restorative technique: layered PFC, layered SFRC, bulk SFRC, bulk PFC, and a bi-structure combining SFRC and PFC. Ninety standardized specimens (n = 18/group) were fabricated. Static and creep nanoindentation tests were conducted to assess surface properties, and water uptake was measured over a 30-day period. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Nanoindentation revealed significant differences in hardness, with bulk PFC exhibiting the lowest values (p < 0.001). Creep testing indicated changes in modulus and viscosity following water storage. Notably, bulk SFRC showed the lowest water absorption (p < 0.001). Overall, bulk-applied SFRC demonstrated favorable nanomechanical properties and reduced water uptake, demonstrating its suitability as a standalone restorative material. Further clinical investigations are recommended to validate its long-term performance
Technology-based assessment of collaborative problem-solving skills: a bibliometric analysis and review
No full textClassroom instruction in the 21st century embraces collaborative problem-solving as a vital student skill. This study systematically reviews the existing literature on this topic to identify and analyze the current trends in technology-based assessment of CPS skills research. For this study, bibliometric analysis was conducted using Vosviewer analysis. Moreover, visualization and bibliographic software programs were utilized to examine the present status of CPS research. The study sample consisted of Web of Science articles published between 2014 and 2024 ( N = 2,247; exclusion criteria: non-English-language studies published before 2014; inclusion criteria: meta-analysis articles included). We used the following search keywords: CPS skills, collaborative, and technology-based assessment. The findings revealed that the publication in the field of CPS began declining after peaking in 2019, with a particularly sharp drop in 2024. The findings also showed that Gwo-Jen Hwang was the most influential author, having an h-index of 4, a g-index of 4, and a total citation of 94 citations across four publications. Furthermore, most research concentrated on junior secondary school learners, indicating a particular emphasis on this group, according to a systematic evaluation of 20 publications that satisfied the specific exclusion criteria. An examination of keyword patterns showed that, between 2014 and 2024, the emphasis of research on problem-solving and collaborative learning significantly changed, with distinct terms becoming less and less frequent. The most common method in CPS assessments was the human-to-human interaction approach
Covering a square with consecutive squares
Get PDFIn this article we address the following problem. Given are a 1\times 1 1 × 1 square, a 2\times 2 2 × 2 square, and so on, finally a n\times n n × n square. What is the biggest square that can be covered completely by this given set of “small” squares? It is assumed that the small squares must stand parallel to the sides of the big square, and overlap is allowed. In contrast to the packing version of the problem (asking for the smallest square that can accommodate all small squares without overlap) which has been studied in several papers since the 1960’s, the covering version of the problem seems new. We construct optimal coverings for small values of n . For moderately bigger n values we solve the problem optimally by a commercial mathematical programming solver, and for even bigger n values we give a heuristic algorithm that can find near optimal solutions. We also provide an expansion-algorithm, that from a given good cover using consecutive squares up to size n , can generate a cover for a larger square using small squares up to size n+1 n + 1 . Finally we prove that a simple covering policy can generate an asymptotically optimal covering
Stable high-energy proton acceleration with water-leaf targets driven by intense laser pulses
Get PDFLaser plasma acceleration techniques hold promise for generating compact, high-flux relativistic proton bunches. However, the inherent instability of laser-plasma interactions and the requirement for reliable proton source stability often hinder their practical applications. In this paper, we explore the potential of a water-leaf target irradiated by 27 fs laser pulses with energies ranging from 1.1 to 9.9 J and peak intensities spanning from 1020 to 1021W/cm2. We finally conducted a series of 400 shots with a peak power of 300 TW, producing proton energies up to 30 MeV and peak flux beyond 109protonsMeV-1msr-1. These results demonstrate the possibility of long-term, stable, and efficient proton acceleration at high repetition rates, addressing a key challenge in laser-plasma acceleration. © 2025 authors
Synthesis and Transformations of Bioactive Scaffolds via Modified Mannich and aza ‐Friedel–Crafts Reactions
Get PDFThis account summarizes the synthesis of bifunctional glycine‐type precursors substituted with 2‐ and 1‐naphthol. The stabilization of precursors via partially aromatic ortho ‐quinone methide intermediate is tested with different cyclic imines in [4 + 2] cycloaddition. 8‐Hydroxyquinoline is a biologically active moiety considered as a formal 1‐naphthol analog, hence the behavior of the scaffold in Mannich reaction is examined. The possibility of transformation of glycine derivatives substituted with 2‐ and 1‐naphthol as well as the formed Mannich base consisting 5‐chloro‐8‐hydroxyquinoline skeleton to give diarylmethane derivatives with indole and 7‐azaindole are studied. A series of cyclic amines coupled with indole and azaindole derivatives has been systematically designed and their biological examination is achieved. To have a preliminary overview about the structure–activity relationship, the antibacterial and anticancer activity of synthesized compounds by preliminary biological screening systems is tested
Kynurenines and Mitochondrial Disturbances in Multiple Sclerosis
Get PDFMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of MS involves an immune-mediated attack on myelin and neurons, accompanied by blood-brain barrier dysfunction and chronic CNS inflammation. Central to MS pathology is dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway, which metabolises tryptophan into neuroactive compounds. Kynurenine pathway (KP) activation, driven by inflammatory cytokines, leads to the production of both neuroprotective (e.g., kynurenic acid, KYNA) and neurotoxic (e.g., quinolinic acid, QUIN) metabolites. Imbalance between these metabolites, particularly increased QUIN production, exacerbates glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to neuronal and oligodendrocyte damage. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of MS, exacerbating neurodegeneration through impaired energy metabolism and oxidative stress. This review integrates the current understanding of KP dysregulation in multiple sclerosis across disease stages. In RRMS, heightened KP activity correlates with inflammation and neuroprotection attempts through increased KYNA production. In contrast, SPMS and PPMS are associated with a shift towards a more neurotoxic KP profile, marked by elevated QUIN levels and reduced KYNA, exacerbating neurodegeneration and disability progression. Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for MS, emphasising the need for strategies to rebalance KP metabolism and mitigate neurotoxicity in progressive disease stages
A környezet táguló körei: az észlelt lakókörnyezet, a természettel való kapcsolat és a környezeti aggodalmak összefüggései [Expanding circles of the environment: relationship between perceived naturalness of neighbourhood green spaces, connectedness to nature and climate anxiety]
Get PDFA klímaaggodalom globálisan kimutatható erősödése szervesen összefonódik a természettel való kapcsolatunk és lakókörnyezetünk változásával, ám ennek az összefonódásnak számos eleme még feltáratlan. Kvantitatív kérdőíves kutatásunkban a planetáris egészség szemléleti keretében arra keressük a választ, hogy 1) milyen összefüggés mutatható ki a természethez való kapcsolódás és a pszichológiai jóllét mutatói (harmónia, élettel való elégedettség, észlelt stressz mértéke) között, illetve 2) milyen összefüggés mutatható ki a természethez való kapcsolódás, a lakókörnyezet észlelt természetközelisége és a környezeti krízis miatti aggodalmak mértéke között? Felmérésünkben 388 fő vett részt, 210 férfi és 178 nő, átlagéletkoruk 43,6 év (SD = 15,6) volt. A lakóhely természetközeliségének szubjektív értékelését az épített és természeti környezet arányára vonatkozó állításokkal vizsgáltuk. A kutatás során az alábbi kérdőíveket használtuk: Környezeti Kérdésekkel Kapcsolatos Aggodalmak, Természethez való Kapcsolódás Dimenziói Kérdőív, Klímaváltozás Miatti Aggodalom Skála, Harmónia Az Életben Skála, Élettel való Elégedettség Skála, Észlelt Stressz Kérdőív. Eredményeink szerint a természettel való erősebb kapcsolat az élettel való nagyobb elégedettséggel és alacsonyabb észlelt stresszel fonódik össze. A klímaváltozás miatti aggodalom együttjárást mutatott a természethez való kapcsolódással, illetve minél nagyobb mértékű énközpontú környezeti aggodalmat mutat egy személy, annál erősebb kapcsolódást él meg a természethez. A nők erősebb kapcsolódást élnek meg a természethez, mint a férfiak. Minél több időt tölt egy személy egy átlagos hétvégi napon a természetben és minél inkább természetközeli lakóhelyre vágyik, annál erősebb kapcsolódást él meg a természethez. Eredményeink gyakorlati beavatkozási pontok kialakítását segítik, amelyek egyszerre támogathatják a klímaadaptációt és a klímaaggodalom kezelését a planetáris egészség védelmében
