MTA-SZTE Research Group on Artificial Intelligence

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    Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition improves hypercholesterolemia-induced cardiac dysfunction

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    Hidden cardiotoxicity is defined as cardiotoxicity of a drug that manifests only in the diseased heart. We have previously shown that the proarrhythmic hidden cardiotoxic properties of a model drug, the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib, can be revealed in preclinical models of ischemia/reperfusion injury. As metabolic comorbidities, such as hypercholesterolemia (HC), may exacerbate hidden cardiotoxicity, we aimed to investigate the hidden cardiotoxic effects of the model drug, rofecoxib, in the presence of hypercholesterolemia. Rats were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks and treated with 5.12 mg/kg rofecoxib. Four weeks of rofecoxib treatment surprisingly improved HC-induced mild cardiac dysfunction by restoring end-diastolic pressure, stroke work, and mechanical efficiency. Then, RNA sequencing revealed that the expression of 28 miRNAs and 300 genes was significantly altered in the HC-fed group. The HC-induced expression changes of miR-27a-5p and miR-30d-5p were reversed by rofecoxib treatment. Cdc42ep4, Cox5, and Cxcl9 genes were also counter-regulated following rofecoxib treatment compared to HC-induced changes. This is the first demonstration that rofecoxib improves HC-induced cardiac dysfunction, with the mechanism involving changes in the gene expression profile, including some key regulators of rofecoxib action

    The Role of the Historical Constitution in Hungary

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    Compared to other constitutions, the Hungarian Basic Law relies heavily on extra-legal elements. These include culture, religion, and history. Because of its historical references, some contemporary Hungarian authors consider the Basic Law to be archaic (e.g., Zoltán Szente), while others see it as the core element of sovereignty (e.g., András Zs Varga). This article first presents why the historical constitution was important at different stages in Hungarian history, and then during the creation of the Basic Law itself. The second part of the article describes how contemporary Hungarian constitutionalism refers to the historical constitution, and it gives an overview of how the historical constitution is applied in the practice of the Constitutional Court. Finally, the article draws conclusions as to how the historical constitution relates to the doctrine of the invisible constitution, a principle that was used in constitutional jurisprudence in the 1990s

    Bónis György modern magyar államról vallott felfogása

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    Activation of acid-sensing ion channels contributes to the hypercapnia-induced neurovascular response in the neonatal cerebral cortex

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    The cerebral microcirculation undergoes dynamic changes regarding neurovascular responses through the perinatal period. CO 2 is one of the most potent regulator of cerebral blood flow, however its effector mechanisms involve multiple possibly yet unknown pathways in the neonate. Acid-sensing ion channel-1A (ASIC1A) appears to play a decisive role in this cerebrovascular response in adult mice, however, cortical ASIC1A expression and its possible contribution to the response in the translational piglet model of term neonates is unknown. Therefore, we investigated neocortical ASIC1A expression and the effect of the specific ASIC1A-inhibitor psalmotoxin-1 on the neurovascular response to graded hypercapnia in piglets. Anesthetized, mechanically ventilated newborn pigs were equipped with a closed or open cranial window to assess the cortical blood flow (CoBF) with laser speckle contrast imaging or the neuronal activity with multichannel electrodes, respectively. Graded hypercapnia was elicited by ventilation of 5%–10% CO 2 . ASIC1A was found to be ubiquitously expressed in neocortical neurons. Psalmotoxin-1 while unaffected the CoBF response to 5% CO 2 , it significantly attenuated further increases in CoBF to 10% CO 2 , accompanying the highly altered hypercapnia-induced changes in neuronal activity. We conclude that ASIC1A activation by hypercapnia-induced acidosis is partially responsible for the neurovascular response in the neonatal brain

    Deepfake and Electoral Crimes: Criminal Law Perspectives from Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and the U.S.

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    Deepfake technology, an advanced AI-driven tool capable of creating hyper-realistic synthetic media, provides significant challenges in political campaigns and election integrity. As the use of deepfakes in elections rises, concerns about their potential to spread misinformation and manipulate voter perception become increasingly urgent. This study examines the criminal law approaches to deepfakes in political campaigns across Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and the United States. Using a normative legal research method, this paper analyzes relevant laws, regulations, and legal frameworks governing deepfake misuse in elections. A comparative approach is employed to assess legal responses in different jurisdictions, identifying gaps and challenges in addressing the issue effectively. Findings reveal that while Indonesia relies on broader legal provisions, such as the ITE Law and Personal Data Protection Law, there are no specific regulations targeting deepfake manipulation in elections. Similarly, India and Pakistan address deepfake-related offenses through existing cyber and penal laws, whereas the U.S. has taken a more proactive approach with state-level legislation criminalizing deepfake election interference. This research highlights the need for more comprehensive legal frameworks to mitigate the risks of deepfakes in electoral processes and ensure democratic integrity

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