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Mowing and traditional grazing as a conservation strategy: Fine-spatial scale impacts on the invasion of false indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa L.) in marsh meadows
Get PDFThis study examined the effects of conservation management strategies, including traditional grazing, on marsh vegetation invaded by false indigo bush ( Amorpha fruticosa L.) Fine‐scale methods were employed to analyze vegetation in stands subjected to combined treatments (mowing and grazing) as well as in untreated invaded stands. Vegetation composition and diversity were evaluated using four key metrics: compositional diversity (CD), local distinctiveness (LD), association (AS), and realized species combinations (NRC). Results revealed that the combined treatment led to significantly increased CD (5.366 ± 0.394) and LD (6.41 ± 0.668), despite the presence of the invasive species. Conversely, untreated invaded vegetation exhibited lower CD (3.756 ± 0.755) and LD (4.079 ± 0.93). Additionally, AS and NRC values were higher in treated stands, although the differences were not statistically significant. Notably, the characteristic areas of all functions did not differ significantly between treated and untreated stands. These findings suggest that combining management strategies, such as mowing and traditional grazing, effectively limits A. fruticosa invasion and supports marsh ecosystem diversity by promoting the coexistence of native species. Continuous management, particularly grazing, is crucial, as cessation of these practices may lead to rapid reinvasion by the invasive species and a subsequent loss of native biodiversity. Overall, this study highlights the importance of proactive management strategies in combating invasive species and conserving marshland biodiversity
Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections and otitis media, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textUpper respiratory infections (URIs) are the leading cause of acute disease incidence worldwide and contribute to a substantial health-care burden. Although acute otitis media is a common complication of URIs, the combined global burden of URIs and otitis media has not been studied comprehensively. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to explore the fatal and non-fatal burden of the two diseases across all age groups, including a granular analysis of children younger than 5 years, in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.Mortality due to URIs and otitis media was estimated with use of vital registration and sample-based vital registration data, which are used as inputs to the Cause of Death Ensemble model to separately model URIs and otitis media mortality by age and sex. Morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian meta-regression tool using data from published studies identified via systematic reviews, population-based survey data, and cause-specific URI and otitis media mortality estimates. Additionally, we assessed and compared the burden of otitis media as it relates to URIs and examined the collective burden and contributing risk factors of both diseases.The global number of new episodes of URIs was 12·8 billion (95% uncertainty interval 11·4 to 14·5) for all ages across males and females in 2021. The global all-age incidence rate of URIs decreased by 10·1% (-12·0 to -8·1) from 1990 to 2019. From 2019 to 2021, the global all-age incidence rate fell by 0·5% (-0·8 to -0·1). Globally, the incidence rate of URIs was 162 484·8 per 100 000 population (144 834·0 to 183 289·4) in 2021, a decrease of 10·5% (-12·4 to -8·4) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 181 552·5 per 100 000 population (160 827·4 to 206 214·7). The highest incidence rates of URIs were seen in children younger than 2 years in 2021, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 5-9 years. The number of new episodes of otitis media globally for all ages was 391 million (292 to 525) in 2021. The global incidence rate of otitis media was 4958·9 per 100 000 (3705·4 to 6658·6) in 2021, a decrease of 16·3% (-18·1 to -14·0) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 5925·5 per 100 000 (4371·8 to 8097·9). The incidence rate of otitis media in 2021 was highest in children younger than 2 years, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 2-4 years. The mortality rate of URIs in 2021 was 0·2 per 100 000 (0·1 to 0·5), a decrease of 64·2% (-84·6 to -43·4) from 1990, when the mortality rate was 0·7 per 100 000 (0·2 to 1·1). In both 1990 and 2021, the mortality rate of otitis media was less than 0·1 per 100 000. Together, the combined burden accounted for by URIs and otitis media in 2021 was 6·86 million (4·24 to 10·4) years lived with disability and 8·16 million (4·99 to 12·0) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all ages across males and females. Globally, the all-age DALY rate of URIs and otitis media combined in 2021 was 103 per 100 000 (63 to 152). Infants aged 1-5 months had the highest combined DALY rate in 2021 (647 per 100 000 [189 to 1412]), followed by early neonates (aged 0-6 days; 582 per 100 000 [176 to 1297]) and late neonates (aged 7-24 days; 482 per 100 000 [161 to 1052]).The findings of this study highlight the widespread burden posed by URIs and otitis media across all age groups and both sexes. There is a continued need for surveillance, prevention, and management to better understand and reduce the burden associated with URIs and otitis media, and research is needed to assess their impacts on individuals, communities, economies, and health-care systems worldwide.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Fatigue and depression influence the prevalence of anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis
Get PDFVisible‑light‑active ‘bismuth tungstate/curcuma longa’ z‑scheme heterostructured photocatalyst for the degradation of methyl orange and phenol
Get PDFInhaling Peppermint Essential Oil as a Promising Complementary Therapy in the Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting
Get PDFBackground: Nausea and vomiting frequently occur during postoperative recovery, chemotherapy, and pregnancy. While peppermint oil is traditionally used to relieve these symptoms, its efficacy remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of peppermint oil inhalation for postoperative (PONV), chemotherapy-induced (CINV), and pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting (NVP). Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched five databases (Scopus, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Web of Science) in November 2022, with an update in December 2024. Randomised controlled trials were included, comparing peppermint oil inhalation to a control in patients with PONV, CINV, and NVP. Separate meta-analyses were conducted for each patient group using R, focusing on the severity of the nausea and vomiting. Results: Nineteen RCTs were included. In three PONV studies, peppermint oil inhalation was associated with a reduction in nausea 2 to 6 h after the intervention (MD: −0.60 points, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.77 to −0.44, p = 0.004). In three NVP studies, daily peppermint oil treatment was linked to lower symptom severity at 48 h (MD: −0.51, 95% CI: −0.78 to −0.24, p = 0.015) and 96 h (MD: −0.68, 95% CI: −1.09 to −0.27, p = 0.019). In three CINV studies, peppermint oil inhalation appeared to reduce symptoms at all time points, with the most notable reduction at 48 h (MD: −2.23, 95% CI: −3.13 to −1.34, p < 0.001) and 72 h (MD: −2.41, 95% CI: −3.96 to −0.86, p = 0.010). Conclusions: Peppermint oil inhalation may be a promising complementary therapy for reducing nausea and vomiting in postoperative, chemotherapy, and pregnancy settings
New structural findings in Bijeel - Aqra vicinity, Kurdistan region of Iraq: Insight into oil exploration and hydrocarbon maturation
No full textThe southern vicinity of Aqra town; Iraqi Kurdistan Region is characterized by hilly morphology and low mountainous relief; this area is a promising oil district with many oil fields. The widely exposed rocks in the study belong to the Bai Hassan Formation (Pliocene – Pleistocene), older rocks have rare exposures and are restricted within the core of some anticlines, especially east of the Greater Zab River. The economic importance of this area mandates updated structural investigations accompanied by the potential rock units that may comprise the petroleum systems and their elements. The performed structural study used high-quality satellite images (ESSRI, 2013. ArcGIS REST Services Directory) to deduce the structural forms in the studied area. A stratigraphic appraisal of the geologic formations was also conducted to define the elements of petroleum systems of the study area. The study area was previously known to have only four anticlines (Bijeel, Rovia, Sarta, and Bawakhan anticlines), which were described and plotted on geological maps. Whereas, in the current study, six anticlines were recognized; they are from north to south: Bijeel, Mamandok, Grdashin, Rovia, Sarta, and Bawakhan anticlines, all these structures were verified upon checking field visits. The delineation of the axes of the recently recognized anticlines with their accurate locations and extensions, will furnish interesting data, especially, for oil exploration activities, and may add further reservoir discoveries. The definition of potential petroleum systems facilitated pointing out the stratal units (formations) that can make each element of the petroleum systems: source, reservoir, and sealing rocks. © 2025 Elsevier Lt
Advancing Regulatory Oversight of Medical Device Trials to Align with Clinical Drug Standards in the European Union
Get PDFThe regulation of clinical trials for medicinal products and medical devices has undergone numerous changes in recent years in the European Union, challenging manufacturers and national regulatory agencies as well. With the introduction of combined drug–device products, the regulatory landscape has been drastically changed to adapt to novel technological advancements and innovations. A comparative analysis has not yet been published highlighting the main differences and common elements of these two medicinal products, which took up almost all of the market in the pharmaceutical sector. Due to stricter regulations in the field of medical devices, the process from application up until post-market surveillance became more difficult, but a correlation between the regulation of drug trials can also be found. The main differences lie in the risk management systems, where, regardless of the background knowledge of a drug, it is always strict and mandatory structured progress, while in the case of medical devices, it is more flexible based on the risk category of the product. Generally, the utilization of e-health opportunities, transparency, and data accessibility have been improved in both fields. Via the adaptation of the mentioned regulation in the EU, the safety of patients and the efficacy of trials have been greatly increased. This manuscript aims to compare the specific regulations of these two types of medicinal products with a brief outlook on the non-EU sector as well
