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Development of Asymmetrical, Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex Test and Tonic Labyrinth Reflex Test (TASHUN) for the Assessment of Neurotypical Children: Validity and Reliability
Get PDFThe ongoing secular changes in human movement development means that an assessment of primitive reflexes is now required not only in disabled but also in neurotypical children. This study had three aims: (1) presenting the TASHUN test battery as suitable for the assessment of primitive reflex activity in normal children and child athletes; (2) analyzing reflex characteristics of neurotypical children; (3) verifying validity and reliability of tests. Spearman’s rank correlation and ROC analysis were used for validation. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and RM ANOVA analyzed reliability. The test on 242 schoolgirls has demonstrated that retained primitive reflexes are present in almost every individual (84.7–95.7%). Correlations showed strong positive association, with all values exceeding 0.8, and ROC analysis demonstrated excellent predictive strength (AUC values over 0.9). Interobserver reliability showed excellent agreement (ICC values above 0.9). No significant offset was present among the scoring by evaluators. Therefore, testing for primitive reflexes is necessary in neurotypical children in order to obtain a realistic image about the physiology of reflexes and their role in motor development. Our screening could be useful for practicing sport professionals, researchers and academics, to identify deficiencies, to further explore reflexes and to train future PE teachers and trainers
Upadacitinib is associated with better clinical and biochemical outcomes than tofacitinib in refractory, moderate-to-severe UC
No full textThe role of the community pharmacist in antibiotic use – a commentary on current status and future perspectives
Get PDFAranymetszetben az egészség : Interdiszciplináris tanulmányok az Alkalmazott Egészségtudományi és Környezeti Nevelés Intézet tudományos műhelyeiből
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Exogenous Sodium Nitroprusside Alleviates Salt-Induced Changes in Photosynthesis of Greenhouse Tomato Plants by Leaf Age-Dependent Manner
Get PDFPhotosynthesis is one of the main processes affected by salinity. Salt stress limits the availability of CO2 by restricting its diffusion through stomata; leads to chlorophyll degradation, damage to light-harvesting complexes, suppression of PSII activity and reduced biomass production. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule with many physiological functions. NO can alleviate salt-induced changes in photosynthesis. However, the role of NO in the photosynthetic apparatus (especially PSI) of salt-stressed plants is poorly understood, especially at different leaf ages. Our results showed that the effect of exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) application on photosynthetic performance measured by Dual-PAM and LI-COR portable photosynthesis system in tomato leaves was dependent on leaf developmental stage. After one week, 0.1 mM SNP treatments via the rooting medium significantly attenuated the decrease in photosynthetic parameters, especially in young leaves, such as leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, effective quantum yield of PSII and PSI, and counteracted the increase in the quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical quenching [Y(NPQ)] and cyclic electron flow [Y(CEF)]. At the same time, salt stress-induced deleterious effects were the most pronounced in old leaves based on changes in biomass, maximum PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm), photosynthetic pigment loss and lipid peroxidation, which were only partially alleviated by SNP. The results showed that exogenous application of SNP improved photosynthetic performance in salt-stressed tomato plants in a leaf level-dependent manner and was the most effective in young, developing leaves, which was associated with an increase in PSII and PSI efficiency
The Possibilities of Utilizing Social Media and Online Platforms in Music Education
Get PDFThe digital native generations have unique media consumption and learning behaviours shaped by their daily exposure to technology. The social media platforms, in particular Instagram, TikTok and YouTube, are key channels through which younger users can discover music and access some educational content. These platforms can not only be used for entertainment, but can also provide opportunities for informal and formal music education. Classical music is frequently featured in memes and viral trends, increasing its accessibility and relevance for younger audiences. Particularly, certain elements of social media platforms are particularly effective in integrating music education through visual and interactive content. Through customised, interactive lessons, educators can harness learners’ knowledge of digital tools to deepen musical knowledge and stimulate interest, as well as increase motivation and promote inclusion. Age-appropriate and socially relevant tasks can bridge the generation gap in education. To be inclusive and effective in music education, it is essential that teaching methods are adapted to evolving digital habits
Utilization of rice husks as effective bioadsorbents for methylene blue removal from wastewater: characterization, adsorption performance, and regeneration studies
Get PDFDye wastewater contains dangerous chemical compounds, posing hazards to human health and the environment. This study investigates the efficacy of Hungarian rice husk (HRH) and Indonesian rice husk (IRH) as bioadsorbents for removing methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. The raw rice husks (RHs) were modified via hydrothermal carbonization to enhance adsorption efficiency. Characterization of the RHs was conducted through zeta potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of various parameters, including pH, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, adsorbent particle size, and contact time on adsorption. The results indicate that the maximum dye removal was achieved at a contact time of 60 minutes. Hydrochar rice husks demonstrated slightly higher removal efficiencies than their raw rice husks. Adsorption kinetics followed the Elovich model, while the BET multilayer isotherm model provided a superior fit to the experimental data for MB adsorption. The simulation of the monolayer adsorption model indicated that the Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit for the experimental adsorption data. The adsorption capacities of HRH and IRH were 52.23 mg/g and 47.92 mg/g, respectively. The regeneration of RHs after adsorption–desorption cycles required using hydrochloric acid as a desorbing solution in four cycles. The recovered MB dye was reused for coloring cotton fabrics with ΔE* color values consistently below 5, indicating acceptable color differences. These findings suggest that RHs possess considerable potential as bioadsorbents for removing MB from wastewater. © The Author(s) 2025
The Universal Protection of Human Rights and Central Europe: Hungary
Get PDFThis paper explores Hungary’s evolving relationship with the universal protection of human rights. It traces this topic through its historical developments of the early 19th century to the present. It begins with Hungary’s Reform Era for the purpose of exposing how the ideals of the Enlightenment influenced progressive legislative initiatives, such as the April Laws of 1848, which introduced groundbreaking reforms in suffrage, press freedom, religious equality, and judicial modernisation. Despite setbacks following the 1848 Revolution, many of these reforms resurfaced post-1867 Austro-Hungarian Compromise and laid the groundwork for Hungary’s later human rights engagements. After World War I, Hungary joined the League of Nations, demonstrating an early commitment to minority rights protection, although domestically, it began implementing discriminatory legislation, especially against Jews. The atrocities committed during World War II and the Holocaust marked a devastating failure in human rights protection, prompting global efforts toward codification of human rights norms, which Hungary gradually joined. Under communism, Hungary’s legal framework was aligned with Soviet ideology, emphasising social over civil rights, while individual freedoms were largely sidelined. However, from 1989 onwards, democratic reforms, constitutional changes, and international engagement – such as ratifying key UN treaties and joining the Council of Europe and the European Union – marked a significant shift toward aligning domestic law with global human rights standards. The paper also examines Hungary’s dualist legal approach, which requires international treaties to be enacted through domestic legislation, and how this has influenced treaty implementation. Particular focus is given to Hungary’s participation in the UN human rights system, including its engagement with treaty bodies, responses to individual complaints, and Universal Periodic Review (UPR) procedures. Through an analysis of key cases and mechanisms, the paper underscores both progress and ongoing challenges in ensuring full compliance with international human rights obligations. It concludes by stressing the need for continual vigilance and adaptation to safeguard rights amid evolving political and social contexts