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Margaret Thatcher's strategy for the British trade unions (1975 - 1983): an ideological priority or tactical opportunism?
Get PDFMuch of the literature from the 1980s and 1990s suggests a pre-determined plan by the Conservatives to dramatically degrade the power and influence of the trade unions. Such accounts typically argue that the Thatcher governments were motivated by ideological hostility to the trade union movement, by the defeat of the previous Heath administration, and the failure of the 1971 Industrial Relations Act to reduce union powers and privileges. More recent research since 2015 using material released under the twenty-year rule has challenged this interpretation, arguing that the Party’s thinking on industrial relations between 1974 and 1979 had not, in fact, changed greatly. Even by the autumn of 1978 – the expected date for the next General Election – industrial relations represented the most underdeveloped and cautious area of Conservative policy formulation, and how a Conservative government might work with the trade unions was considered an unanswerable question by most senior Conservatives. However, within six months, the Conservatives had pledged four new items of legislative reform in their 1979 Manifesto and between 1980 and 1993. Furthermore, successive Conservative governments would enact no fewer than six Acts of Parliament used as an ever-tightening ratchet to restrict the power of the trade unions and strip them of many of their long-established legal immunities. This thesis aims to examine in detail the development of the emerging thinking and strategy on industrial relations in the Conservative Party from the start of Thatcher’s tenure in 1975 to the end of her first administration, to answer the following research questions: • When they came to power in 1979, did the Conservatives have a pre-formulated plan to reform the British industrial relations system and tackle the ‘union problem’? • Who were the key individuals and bodies involved in this area of policy, both within and outside the Party, and what was Margaret Thatcher’s own ideology in this regard? • Did the ultimate programme of legislative reform represent the execution of a Neo-Liberal plan, or were events and political opportunism the main forces at work, and were other supply-side reforms equally important in degrading the power and influence of the British trade union movement
THE UNFINISHED ARCHITECTURE OF PRIVATE NUISANCE: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN COVENTRY V LAWRENCE AND FEARN V TATE GALLERY
Get PDFThis article argues that the changes to the tort of private nuisance introduced by the Supreme Court in Fearn v Tate Gallery [2023] UKSC 4 necessitate reconsideration of three areas of uncertainty created by its earlier decision in Coventry v Lawrence [2014] UKSC 13: the principles governing the assessment of locality, the status and content of “coming to the nuisance”, and the exercise of remedial discretion. The decision in Fearn v Tate Gallery significantly increases the importance of these unresolved issues to the workability of the tort, thus intensifying the need for clarification. This article concludes by proposing Fearn-compliant paths towards their resolution
Manipulation of skyrmion motion by magnetic field gradients
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Unconditional correctness of recent quantum algorithms for factoring and computing discrete logarithms
Get PDFIn 1994, Shor introduced his famous quantum algorithm to factor integers and compute discrete logarithms in polynomial time. In 2023, Regev proposed a multidimensional version of Shor’s algorithm that requires far fewer quantum gates. His algorithm relies on a number-theoretic conjecture on the elements in that can be written as short products of very small prime numbers. We prove a version of this conjecture using tools from analytic number theory such as zero-density estimates. As a result, we obtain an unconditional proof of correctness of this improved quantum algorithm and of subsequent variants
Anterior Cervical Abscess Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Caused by <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i>: A Case Report and Focused Literature Review
Get PDFBackground: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is widely performed and has a low incidence of postoperative infection. Anterior cervical abscess is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication, typically caused by skin or oral flora. Identification of atypical pathogens has important implications for diagnostic vigilance and antimicrobial management. Case Presentation: We report a 56-year-old man with degenerative cervical myelopathy and significant respiratory comorbidity who underwent single-level ACDF and developed progressive dysphagia and neck pain in the early postoperative period. Imaging demonstrated a prevertebral abscess requiring urgent surgical drainage. Intraoperative cultures identified Moraxella catarrhalis, a respiratory tract commensal rarely implicated in postoperative spinal infections. No evidence of esophageal perforation or superficial wound contamination was identified. The patient was treated with surgical washout and prolonged culture-directed antibiotic therapy, with full clinical recovery. To contextualize novelty, we performed a focused review of the available literature on M. catarrhalis spinal infections. Conclusions: This case expands the spectrum of pathogens implicated in postoperative cervical spine infections and highlights the need to consider respiratory tract organisms in high-risk patients, particularly those with chronic pulmonary disease or immunosuppression. Early imaging in the presence of dysphagia, prompt source control, and culture-directed antimicrobial therapy are essential to optimizing outcomes
An Enhanced Water Governance Assessment Tool for Resilience and Sustainability: The InnWater Approach
Get PDFThis paper presents the development and pilot validation of an enhanced water governance assessment tool developed within the European InnWater project. Grounded in OECD Principles on Water Governance, the study combines literature review, thematic framework development, and pilot validation with stakeholders. The tool expands existing governance assessment frameworks by explicitly integrating four cross-cutting dimensions that are often insufficiently addressed: circular economy, environmental resilience, local empowerment, and procedural equity with particular attention to vulnerable groups. The assessment framework is organised across five governance domains—mega-trends and resilience; policy, institutions and regulation; financing; data, monitoring and evaluation; and engagement and accountability—and operationalised through a structured questionnaire applied in selected European pilot sites. Insights from initial pilot applications illustrate the tool’s capacity to reveal institutional coordination gaps, capacity constraints, and barriers to inclusive and adaptive governance. The paper contributes a replicable, policy-relevant governance assessment methodology designed to support reflexive learning and institutional improvement in diverse European water governance contexts
The Pervasiveness of Digital Identity: Surveying Themes, Trends, and Ontological Foundations
Get PDFDigital identity operates as the connective infrastructure of the digital age, linking individuals, organisations, and devices into networks through which services, rights, and responsibilities are transacted. Despite this centrality, the field remains fragmented, with technical solutions, disciplinary perspectives, and regulatory approaches often developing in parallel without interoperability. This paper presents a systematic survey of digital identity research, drawing on a Scopus-indexed baseline corpus of 2551 publications spanning full years 2005–2024, complemented by a recent stratum of 1241 publications (2023–2025) used to surface contemporary thematic structure and inform the ontology-oriented synthesis. The survey contributes in three ways. First, it provides an integrated overview of the digital identity landscape, tracing influential and widely cited works, historical developments, and recent scholarship across technical, legal, organisational, and cultural domains. Second, it applies natural language processing and subject metadata to identify thematic patterns, disciplinary emphases, and influential authors, exposing trends and cross-field connections difficult to capture through manual review. Third, it consolidates recurring concepts and relationships into ontological fragments (illustrative concept maps and subgraphs) that surface candidate entities, processes, and contexts as signals for future formalisation and alignment of fragmented approaches. By clarifying how digital identity has been conceptualised and where gaps remain, the study provides a foundation for progress toward a universal digital identity that is coherent, interoperable, and socially inclusive
Impact of Fiscal Policy for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Reducing the Burden of Disease and Healthcare Costs in Brazil: A Simulation Study
Get PDFBackground/Objectives: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption has been linked to obesity, metabolic diseases, and rising healthcare costs. This study aimed to assess the impact of a 20% excise tax on SSBs in Brazil on obesity/overweight prevalence, seven musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases, and related healthcare costs, with their associated impacts on health inequalities. Methods: Using 2017/2018 Brazilian Household Budget Survey data for baseline consumption and own- and cross-price elasticities for taxed beverages, we estimated changes in caloric consumption for the entire population and for lower- and upper-income quartiles. The PRIMEtime dynamic individual-level simulation model projected body weight changes, lifetime Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs), healthcare costs (discounted at 5%), and disease cases (20-year horizon). Results: A 20% excise SSB tax was projected to reduce obesity prevalence by 1.7 percentage points in men and 1.5 percentage points in women, from baseline rates of 19.8% and 23.6%, respectively. Lifetime gains were estimated at 17,878 QALYs per million men and 12,181 per million women, alongside healthcare cost savings of Int$520 million. Impacts varied by income, with smaller health gains in the lowest quartile and higher among the wealthiest. Over 20 years, the tax could avert 1784 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus/100,000 adults (52% in men) and 1070 cases of ischemic heart disease/100,000 adults (80% in men). Conclusions: A 20% excise SSB tax in Brazil could yield large health and cost benefits. With the recent approval of the Selective Tax under Complementary Law 214/2025, Brazil has a timely opportunity to translate these projected benefits into effective public health policy
Non-Woven Haemostatic Agent Mimicking Perigraft Abscess Following Thoracic Aortic Surgery
Get PDFBackground and Clinical Significance: Absorbable haemostatic agents such as Surgicel® Fibrillar are useful adjuncts to control post-surgical bleeding in cardiac surgery. The material is purposefully left in situ and it slowly degrades over time. Previous publications, mainly in general and gynaecological surgery, have demonstrated that these materials can mimic gangrenous infection, abscesses, anastomotic leak, and early tumour recurrence in imaging studies. These findings can often lead to unnecessary re-interventions or re-operations. The number of reports in the cardiothoracic surgical field is limited. Case Presentation: We report a 45-year-old man who underwent aortic valve replacement and ascending aorta and hemiarch replacement. In this case, Surgicel® Fibrillar was used to optimise graft contouring, contributing to postoperative imaging appearances that initially raised concern for infection. The patient was conservatively managed given his stable clinical picture and focused review of CT images with the knowledge of location of Surgicel® Fibrillar. Repeat CT scan after 2 weeks showed a significant reduction in collection size and complete resolution of air bubbles within the collection. Conclusions: It is important for cardiothoracic surgeons and radiologists to be aware of the early CT appearances of haemostatic agents to minimise erroneous diagnosis of postoperative complications leading to unnecessary interventions. This case highlights a diagnostic pitfall in postoperative imaging, where retained absorbable haemostatic material may mimic serious infective complications and lead to unnecessary re-intervention if operative and radiological findings are not carefully correlated