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Potential of earlier primary care health checks for prevention of cardiovascular events in younger age groups: population-based study in the United Kingdom
Get PDFBackground: Incidence of stroke and certain cancers is increasing at younger ages in many high-income countries, prompting healthcare systems to consider how best to improve prevention, such as earlier primary care health checks. We assessed potential barriers to the success of the current proposal in England to reduce the starting age of the 5-yearly NHS health check from 40 to 30 years. Methods: In a prospective population-based study (Oxford Vascular Study; 1/4/2002–31/3/23) of 94 567 people in a subpopulation of Oxfordshire, UK, we assessed all participants with incident acute vascular events occurring at age 30–44 years and determined the proportion of those who would have qualified for active risk management were they to have had the proposed new health check prior to their event (i.e. premorbid QRISK3-10-year absolute CV-risk ≥ 10%). We also assessed CV-risk relative to age-specific ‘ideal’ risk (QRISK3-Relative Risk (RR) score, predicted “healthy-heart-age”) and number of risk factors above recommended target. Results: During 433,797 person-years of ascertainment, 217 individuals aged 30–44 years had an incident vascular event (crude incidence rate 50/100 000 person years). Of these, 155 would have been eligible for an earlier health check. The median 10-year predicted CV risk in this group was only 2.5% (IQR = 1.1–4.8%), with 148 (95%) falling below the 10% threshold for active risk management. The median 10-year risk among the 49 women was 1.1% (IQR 0.5–2.2%), with none having a predicted risk above the 10% threshold. Yet, the mean predicted “healthy heart age” gap was 9 years(SD = 7), and 137(88%) had at least one treatable risk factor above target level. Conclusions: The majority of vascular events at age 30–44 years occur in individuals with treatable risk factors above target level, yet the vast majority had falsely reassuring premorbid 10-year CV risks that were well below the 10% threshold for treatment, potentially undermining the effectiveness of earlier primary care health checks
Dataset supporting Graph-based machine learning identifies oxygenated block polymer replacements for conventional plastics and elastics
No full textData supporting the experiments described in the above manuscript
A JWST Pa α Calibration of the Radio Luminosity–Star Formation Rate Relation at z ∼ 1.3
Get PDFAs radio emission from normal galaxies is a dust-free tracer of star formation, tracing the star formation history of the Universe is a key goal of the Square Kilometre Array and the Next-Generation Very Large Array. In order to investigate how well radio luminosity traces star formation rate (SFR) in the early Universe, we have examined the radio properties of a JWST Paα sample of galaxies at 1.0 ≲ z ≲ 1.8. In the GOODS-S field, we cross-matched a sample of 506 FRESCO Paα emitters with the 1.23 GHz radio continuum data from the MeerKAT MIGHTEE survey, finding 47 detections. After filtering for active galactic nuclei (via X-ray detections, hot mid-infrared dust, and extended radio emission), as well as blended sources, we obtained a sample of star-forming galaxies comprising 11 cataloged radio detections, 18 noncataloged detections (at ≈3σ–5σ), and 298 undetected sources. Stacking the 298 undetected sources, we obtain a 3.3σ detection in the radio. This sample, along with a local sample of Paα emitters, lies along previous radio luminosity/SFR relations from local (<0.2) to high redshift (z ∼ 1). Fitting the FRESCO data at 1.0 ≲ z ≲ 1.8, we find log(L1.4GHz)= (1.31 ± 0.17) × log(SFRPaα)+ (21.36 ± 0.17), which is consistent with other literature relations. We can explain some of the observed scatter in the L1.4GHz/SFRPaα correlation by a toy model in which the synchrotron emission is a delayed/averaged tracer of the instantaneous Paα SFR by ∼10/75 Myr
Reply to Fitzgerald et al.: Mischaracterizing our findings; the cognitive profile of elite footballers remains robust
Get PDFEmploying the unemployed of Marienthal: evaluation of a guaranteed job program
No full textWe evaluate a guaranteed job program in Austria in 2020-2024. Our evaluation is based on three approaches, pairwise matched randomization, a pre-registered synthetic control at the municipality level, and a comparison to individuals in control municipalities. This allows us to estimate direct effects, anticipation effects, and spillover effects. We find positive impacts on economic and non-economic wellbeing. At the municipality level, we find a reduction of long-term unemployment and no negative employment spillovers. There are positive anticipation effects on well-being, status, and social inclusion. We estimate program costs of 237 Euro per participant and month. Participant income increased by 102 Euro
Unacceptable Experiences Reported by Undergraduate Students and Their Associations With Mental Health, Well-Being and Academic Performance: U-Flourish Student Well-Being Research: Expériences inacceptables signalées par les étudiants de premier cycle et leurs liens avec la santé mentale, le bien-être et le rendement académique : Programme de recherche U-Flourish sur le bien-être des étudiants
Get PDFObjectivesUnacceptable experiences (UEs) during undergraduate studies and the associated emotional and academic impact have not been rigorously evaluated in the Canadian context. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of UEs and examine their associations with mental health and academic outcomes in a diverse sample of Canadian undergraduate students.MethodsUndergraduates attending Queen's University completed the U-Flourish Student Well-Being Survey at the beginning and end of each academic year from 2021/2022 to 2023/2024. Validated self-report measures included the GAD-7 (anxiety), PHQ-9 (depression), C-SSRS (suicidal thoughts and behaviours) and WEMWBS-7 (well-being). UEs reported over the academic year included: discrimination, sexual violence/harassment, bullying, hate crimes and physical assault. Multivariable regression analyses examined associations between UEs and student mental health outcomes and cumulative grade-point average (GPA) abstracted from the university database.ResultsNearly one-third (28.9%; range = 27.0-30.1% across years) of students (n = 2,948) reported experiencing at least one UE over the academic year. Discrimination (14.6%) and sexual violence/harassment (14.4%) was reported most frequently, followed by bullying/harassment (10.6%), hate crimes (5.0%) and physical assault (3.2%). UEs were highest in students who identified as non-binary gender (51.6%), 2SLGBTQIA + (39.9%) and as having a lifetime mental illness (41.2%). Each UE increased the risk of screening positive for anxiety and depression over the academic year by 10-19% and 14-40%, respectively. Students reporting UEs were also more likely (13-72%) to report having suicidal thoughts and/or behaviours over the academic year, particularly those reporting sexual violence (RR:1.72; 95% CI:1.45-2.05). Sexual violence, bullying, and hate crimes were associated with lower average cumulative GPA in first year.ConclusionUEs were commonly reported by undergraduate students, especially in minoritised subgroups, and associated with mental health concerns and academic difficulties. These findings highlight the need for further research to inform universal and targeted prevention and early intervention initiatives
Temporally Defined Brain Network Activation Associated With Slowed Information Processing Speed in Multiple Sclerosis
Get PDFInformation processing speed (IPS) is a core cognitive deficit in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Previous efforts have associated IPS performance to frontal regions, but were constrained by limited temporal resolution. In this work, we employed a data‐driven method, the time delay embedded‐hidden Markov model (TDE‐HMM), to identify task‐specific states that are spectrally defined with distinct temporal and spatial profiles. We used magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data recorded while healthy controls and PwMS performed a cognitive task designed to capture IPS, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). The TDE‐HMM identified five task‐relevant states, supporting a tri‐factor contribution to IPS: sensory speed (occipital visual detection and processing), cognitive speed (prefrontal executive and frontoparietal attention shift), and motor speed (sensorimotor). We observed reduced prefrontal activation in PwMS, while peak features across prefrontal, frontoparietal, and occipital networks were associated with task reaction time and clinical SDMT performance. This work can drive future research for MS treatments targeting IPS improvements
Vaccines and antimicrobial resistance: from science to policy—summary and outcomes
Get PDFIn April 2024, the Royal Society convened a Science+ meeting in London on ‘Vaccines and antimicrobial resistance: from science to policy’. The purpose was to review the science of how vaccines reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and discuss policy in advancing development and equitable deployment of such vaccines. The meeting adopted a One Health approach with international speakers presenting from both human and veterinary perspectives. Presentations on Day 1 focused on scientific aspects of the AMR threat and the role of vaccines as counter measures. On Day 2, presentations covered associated policy implications based on this scientific understanding. A closing panel discussion looked towards the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AMR in New York in September 2024. This article is the closing contribution to an issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B based on the meeting. It serves as a summary of the two days of proceedings, including key outcomes and recommendations, and provides an overall conclusion to the meeting. This article is part of the Royal Society Science+ meeting issue ‘Vaccines and antimicrobial resistance: from science to policy’
Particle injection in three-dimensional relativistic magnetic reconnection
Get PDFRelativistic magnetic reconnection has been proposed as an important non-thermal particle acceleration (NTPA) mechanism that generates power-law spectra and high-energy emissions. Power-law particle spectra are in general characterised by three parameters: the power-law index, the high-energy cutoff and the low-energy cutoff (i.e. the injection energy). Particle injection into the non-thermal power law, despite also being a critical step in the NTPA chain, has received considerably less attention than the subsequent acceleration to high energies. Open questions on particle injection that are important for both physical understanding and astronomical observations include how the upstream magnetisation influences the injection energy and the contributions of the known injection mechanisms (i.e. direct acceleration by the reconnection electric field, Fermi kicks and pickup acceleration) to the injected particle population. Using fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations, we uncover these relationships by systematically measuring the injection energy and calculating the contributions of each acceleration mechanism to the total injected particle population. We also present a theoretical model to explain these results. Additionally, we compare two- and three-dimensional simulations to assess the impact of the flux-rope kink and drift-kink instability on particle injection. We conclude with comparisons with previous work and outlook for future work
Rapid realist review of organisational supports for youth peer support workers
Get PDFObjectives: Providing peer support can benefit youth peer support workers (peers)et by supporting self-determination, recovery and resilience to self-stigma. There is a need to clarify the role of the organisation in providing benefits for peers. We aimed to identify the organisational contexts and mechanisms that result in the creation of healthy workplaces for peers. Design: Rapid realist review guided by the Realist and Meta-Narrative Evidence Syntheses–Evolving Standards guidelines and Pawson’s iterative approach. Data sources: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, SocINDEX, Google Scholar and Embase were searched from 1979 to 2025. Eligibility criteria: We included qualitative and quantitative peer-reviewed studies and grey literature that captured characteristics of organisational practices and employment considerations in youth peer support programmes. Data extraction and synthesis: Articles were screened independently by multiple reviewers. Inclusion criteria were adjusted to capture literature on organisational practices, and employment considerations for youth peer support programmes. Data were extracted and analysed retroductively to develop Context-Mechanism-Outcome Configurations (CMOCs). Results: Five employment-related risks to peer well-being were identified: (1) difficulty entering the job market, (2) lack of role clarity, (3) pressure to live up to ideals, (4) retraumatisation and (5) stigma. Six CMOCs were developed; all focused on the creation of equitable employment and supporting peer development and empowerment were developed. Conclusions: Community-based mental health organisations can facilitate equitable peer employment through strategies that reduce professional stigma, enhance peer resilience and promote professional and personal development. Policy reform that addresses precarious work conditions is needed to support healthy work environments