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Shades of Égalité : Educational Mobility and Ethnoracial Hierarchy Over Three Generations in France
No full textInternational audienceThe long-term incorporation of immigrant-origin populations is a crucial question in liberal democracies. While much research has focused on the second generation, less is known about the grandchildren of immigrants. Investigating this “third generation” is key to assessing whether migration societies offer equal opportunity to their members regardless of their origins—that is, whether family background shapes life chances in a similar way among immigrant and native families. Here, we gauge the influence of ethnoracial origins on life chances in the long run by studying trajectories of intergenerational educational mobility among immigrant and native families over three generations. Our study is set in France, a major country of immigration in Europe, where a national narrative of immigrant integration and equality across ethnic origins has long prevailed. We show substantial catching up in educational attainment and higher social fluidity in immigrant families, for whom the grandparental educational starting point was very low. The grandchildren of Southern European immigrants converge with natives in their mobility patterns, suggesting equal opportunities. Despite a partial convergence, the grandchildren of North African immigrants experience a distinct mobility regime and enduring educational disadvantage. Altogether, our results suggest the existence of an ethnoracial hierarchy, whereby Southern European families experience educational destinies broadly comparable to those of natives, while ethnoracial origins durably shape the educational trajectories of North African families
Ce que le suivi des 15-20h d'activité fait au travail des conseillères d'insertion. Le CEJ à France Travail et en Mission locale
No full textInternational audienceDepuis le 1er mars 2022, le Contrat d'engagement jeune (CEJ) a remplacé la Garantie Jeunes. Ce dispositif élargit la prise en charge des jeunes "NEET" (ni en emploi ni scolarisés ni en formation) aux jeunes travailleurs précaires, et sa mise en oeuvre implique non seulement les missions locales, mais aussi France Travail. Âgés de 16 à 25 ans - ou 29 ans révolus en cas de situation de handicap -, les jeunes en CEJ doivent désormais effectuer entre 15 et 20 heures d'activité hebdomadaire. Certains observateurs y ont vu une préfiguration de la formule de suivi des bénéficiaires du RSA et des chômeurs qui a été mise en place le 1er janvier 2025. À partir d'une enquête de terrain, ce numéro de Connaissance de l'emploi interroge ce que le suivi de cette activité obligatoire fait au travail des conseillères CEJ. Alors que le dispositif propose « un accompagnement individuel et intensif » auprès des jeunes, il constitue en grande partie une surcharge de travail administratif pour ses street-level bureaucrats
Sociologie du délateur en Turquie : entre professionnalisation, adhésion politique et affirmation de soi
No full textInternational audienceSociology of informants in Turkey: between professionalization, political affiliation, and self-assertion -- This article explores denunciation, transformed into a system of power and government of society, and the sociology of the informer in Turkey under the AKP. These individuals, known as informers, who often systematically denounce others, are considered non-institutional actors of repression in a regime that has undergone several authoritarian turns. This article attempts to open the door to the gray world of the informant while revealing their arbitrary power: they monitor, construct, and deconstruct rules and laws, and participate in repression. Studying informers also means conducting a sociology of the “hidden” by following a trail that can be found in the “traces” left in various files (from Cimer, judicial, or press sources). It shows the extent to which denunciation is a practice for which everyone has their own motivations.Cet article explore la délation, transformée en système de pouvoir et de gouvernement de la société, et la sociologie du délateur en Turquie, sous le pouvoir de l’AKP. Ces personnes que l’on appelle délateurs, qui dénoncent d’autres personnes de manière souvent systématique, sont considérées comme des acteurs non institutionnels de la répression dans un régime qui a connu plusieurs tournants autoritaires. Cet article essaie d’ouvrir les portes du monde gris du délateur tout en dévoilant son pouvoir arbitraire : il surveille, construit et déconstruit les règles et les lois, et participe à la répression. Travailler sur le délateur, c’est aussi faire de la sociologie du « caché » en suivant une piste qui réside dans les « traces » que l’on peut trouver dans différents dossiers (du Cimer, judiciaires ou de presse). Il montre à quel point la dénonciation est une pratique pour laquelle chacun à ses propres motivations
Discrete choice experiments
No full textDiscrete choice experiments aim to reveal individuals' preferences by placing them in scenarios where they must choose between several options. The scenarios are defined based on an experimental protocol. This method makes it possible to measure the relative importance of different aspects of a service and the acceptable trade-offs. It is particularly useful for anticipating the acceptability of reforms, evaluating public policies, or valuing non-market goods (environment, health, public infrastructure)
Les mots et les mondes de l’inclusion au travail
No full textInternational audienceL’«inclusion» devient un mot qui dérange, rejeté aux États-Unis avec la fin des politiques de «diversité-équité-inclusion», qu’en est-il dans le monde de l’entreprise et pour l’accès aux droits? Cet ouvrage offre une analyse comparée d’un concept en tension, aujourd’hui au cœur des débats mondiaux.Le mot «inclusion» envahit les discours, les champs du savoir (droit, science politique, économie…) et différents «mondes» (de l’école au logement, de la ville aux politiques d’immigration, de l’écriture au handicap)..
Des crimes que l’on peut juger et pardonner ?: Pour une conception minimaliste du pardon
No full textInternational audienceL’article s’intéresse au pardon dans le contexte de la justice transitionnelle et soutient qu’il ne saurait prendre la forme de l’amnistie des coupables ou d’un pardon officiel imposé de haut en bas. Les coupables doivent être punis, mais la justice rétributive n’exclut pas une forme minimaliste de pardon : le pardon d’attitude qui, en libérant de la haine, facilite la reconstruction d’une société abîmée
Signed Networks: theory, methods, and applications
No full textSigned networks provide a principled framework for representing systems in which interactions are not merely present or absent but qualitatively distinct: friendly or antagonistic, supportive or conflicting, excitatory or inhibitory. This polarity reshapes how we think about structure and dynamics in complex systems: a negative tie is not simply a missing positive one but a constraint that generates tension, and possibly asymmetry. Across disciplines, from sociology to neuroscience and machine learning, signed networks provide a shared language to formalise duality, balance, and opposition as integral components of system behaviour. This review provides a comprehensive and foundational summary of signed network theory. It formalises the mathematical principles of signed graphs and surveys signed-network-specific measures, including signed degree distributions, clustering, centralities, motifs, and Laplacians. It revisits balance theory, tracing its cognitive and structural formulations and their connections to frustration. Structural aspects of signed networks are examined, analysing key topics such as null models, node embeddings, sign prediction, and community detection. Subsequent sections address dynamical processes on and of signed networks, such as opinion dynamics, contagion models, and data-driven approaches for studying evolving networks. Practical challenges in constructing, inferring and validating signed data from real-world systems are also highlighted, and we offer an overview of currently available datasets. We also address common pitfalls and challenges that arise when modelling or analysing signed data. Overall, this review integrates theoretical foundations, methodological approaches, and cross-domain examples, providing a structured entry point and a reference framework for researchers interested in the study of signed networks in complex systems
A time penalty for the Global South? Inequalities in visa appointment wait times at German embassies and consulates worldwide
No full textInternational audienceVisas are a key tool for states to regulate incoming mobility from abroad, which can have ramifications for the establishment and perpetuation of global inequalities. In this article, we systematically analyze visa appointment wait times in German embassies and consulates worldwide. Using computational methods, we collect—and publish—fine-grained longitudinal data on the closest available appointment dates for various visa types, covering a total of 16,182 visa appointment requests. Our analysis reveals strong and systematic variance: the poorer the country a diplomatic mission is based in, the longer the wait time and the lower the chances of finding an available appointment (which ranges from almost 0 to 100 percent). We also argue that Germany's system is quite opaque compared to other established immigration countries such as the U.S. These core findings raise important questions in light of current debates about global justice, legal pathways to migration, and efforts to attract foreign talent