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Préface - Jardins, cyclones et catastrophes
No full textInternational audience[Résumé de l'ouvrage] Cet ouvrage porte sur les jardins de subsistance de Tongoa, une île située au centre de l’archipel du Vanuatu (Pacifique Sud). Par une approche ethnographique se situant à la croisée de l’anthropologie de la nature et de l’anthropologie des catastrophes, il s’attache à mettre en évidence les relations qu’entretiennent les habitants entre eux, avec leurs jardins comme avec les collectifs de non humains qui peuplent leurs territoires. L’environnement de Tongoa est marqué du sceau de la catastrophe qui représente une donnée inéluctable de l’existence. Les jardins cultivés sont régulièrement bouleversés, voire temporairement anéantis, par un événement sismique ou climatique de grande ampleur — comme le cyclone Pam, survenu en mars 2015. L’étude des différents phénomènes relevant de la catégorie locale de disasta montrent comment est pensée la notion de catastrophe et pourquoi elle permet au social de se réinventer
Researchers of a Feather Flock Together: Endogamy Recruitment Tracks for Industrial Researchers
No full textInternational audienceBased on French company data, we assess the hiring of different education profiles of industrial researchers in corporate R&D departments. First, our results show engineers are more likely to be recruited in corporate R&D that develops a patent‐oriented strategy; PhD‐holders are more likely to be recruited in firms that compete at the technological frontier and in companies that maintain close links with academia and public research. Second, new results reveal the endogamy of industrial researchers' recruitment based on the specifics of their scientific human capital and highlight the mitigating role of hybrid scientific human capital
Optimal Nonlinear Deployment Subsidies: Theory and Application to the German Solar Program
No full textPaper updated in December 2025Deployment subsidies for nascent technologies have moved to the forefront of climate action, industrial policy, and geoeconomics. To limit the substantial fiscal costs of such programs, policymakers routinely employ subsidy schedules that are nonlinear in the quantity agents deploy. However, nonlinearities can threaten a program’s deployment goals because agents may respond to them at the intensive margin by reducing deployed quantity and at the extensive margin by ceasing participation. This paper characterizes optimal nonlinear subsidy schemes in which a principal trades off the benefits from deployment with its budgetary costs. Theoretically, it shows that nonlinearities are optimal only if adopters’ participation responses are heterogeneous along the subsidy schedule. Yet, early-stage technologies typically exhibit limited heterogeneity in this dimension. As a consequence, the optimal subsidy rate is close to constant over a wide range of the schedule. In contrast to the celebrated Sadka–Seade “no-distortion-at-the-top” result, “no-distortion-atthe- bottom” emerges as an actionable policy prescription in this context. The insights generalize to screening problems broadly, and in particular to multidimensional screening à la Rochet and Choné (1998) and optimal nonlinear monopoly pricing. A quantitative analysis of the canonical German rooftop-solar program demonstrates the theoretical findings
Le spectre de la guerre civile dans quelques fictions apocalyptiques
No full textInternational audiencePendant deux décennies, Lee a arpenté les zones de guerre de la planète pour en rapporter des images choc. Hantée par les scènes d’horreur dont elle a si souvent été le témoin, elle s’est convaincue de faire œuvre utile en médiatisant des conflits oubliés mais aussi en alertant ses compatriotes sur les démons qui siègent à leur porte. Quand les États-Unis ont à leur tour sombré dans la guerre civile, elle a dû se rendre à l’évidence : ses mises en garde auront été vaines face à l’empressement du pays à descendre aux abîmes. Personnage central du film d’Alex Garland, Civil War, Lee traîne ses fantômes tout au long du périple qui, aux côtés de trois autres journalistes, la mène de New York à Washington, à un moment décisif : les forces coalisées du Texas et de la Californie s’apprêtent à lancer l’assaut final contre les dernières troupes loyales au président des États-Unis
The Banning of Engineered Stone in Australia: An Evidence-Based and Precautionary Policy
No full textInternational audienceOn December 13, 2023, Australia became the first country to ban engineered stone. This material contains more than 80 percent crystalline silica, agglomerated with resins, metal oxides and other (potentially toxic) substances. Engineered stone has become a mass-market product since the late 1990s and has contributed to a worldwide resurgence of accelerated forms of silicosis and a notable incidence of systemic diseases. Such a ban is a very rare event in a world where the regulatory framework governing the use of toxic substances in the workplace is generally limited to setting exposure limits. The Australian decision is exemplary in many respects: it is based on public consultation with all stakeholders, it contributes to updating biomedical knowledge that industries seek to conceal or undermine, and it is based on a realistic vision of real working conditions. In the absence of any evidence that lowering the silica content of this material would reduce occupational hazards related to toxic cocktail effects, this ban implements an evidence-based and precautionary public health policy.El 13 de diciembre de 2023, Australia se convirtió en el primer país en prohibir la piedra artificial. Este material contiene más del 80 % de sílice cristalina, aglomerada con resinas, óxidos metálicos y otras sustancias potencialmente tóxicas. La piedra artificial se ha convertido en un producto de consumo masivo desde finales de la década de 1990 y ha contribuido a la reemergencia mundial de formas aceleradas de silicosis y a una notable incidencia de enfermedades sistémicas. Una prohibición de este tipo es un hecho muy poco común en un mundo en el que el marco normativo que regula el uso de sustancias tóxicas en el lugar de trabajo se limita generalmente a establecer límites de exposición. La decisión australiana es ejemplar en muchos aspectos: se basa en una consulta pública con todas los actores relevantes, contribuye a actualizar los conocimientos biomédicos que las industrias tratan de ocultar o socavar, y se basa en una visión realista de las condiciones de trabajo. A falta de pruebas de que la reducción del contenido en sílice de este material reduzca los riesgos causados en el trabajo por la mezcla de componentes tóxicos que conlleva, esta prohibición aplica una política de salud pública basada en pruebas y en el principio de precaución.Le 13 décembre 2023, l'Australie est devenue le premier pays à interdire la pierre artificielle. Ce matériau contient plus de 80 % de silice cristalline, agglomérée avec des résines, des oxydes métalliques et d'autres substances potentiellement toxiques. La pierre artificielle est devenue un produit grand public depuis la fin des années 1990 et a contribué à une recrudescence mondiale des formes accélérées de silicose et à une incidence notable de maladies systémiques. Une telle interdiction est un événement très rare dans un monde où le cadre réglementaire régissant l'utilisation des substances toxiques sur le lieu de travail se limite généralement à la fixation de limites d'exposition. La décision australienne est exemplaire à plusieurs égards : elle repose sur une consultation publique de toutes les parties prenantes, elle contribue à actualiser les connaissances biomédicales que les industries cherchent à dissimuler ou à minimiser, et elle s'appuie sur une vision réaliste des conditions de travail . En l'absence de preuve de ce que la réduction de la teneur en silice de ce matériau permettrait de réduire les risques provoqués pour les travailleurs par le cocktail des substances toxiques qu'il contient, cette interdiction met en œuvre une politique de santé publique fondée sur des données probantes et sur le principe de précaution
Thinking with IHL in Contexts of Counterterrorism The Case of Criminal Justice Systems in the Sahel
No full textInternational audienceBuilding on the Sahel situation, the paper argues that prosecutors and judges working on acts perpetrated in the framework of armed conflicts should be encouraged to use IHL-derived norms of their criminal code, and related IHL reasoning in addition to, or instead of the counter-terrorism arsenal of their criminal code. The first reason for this is that the evidentiary threshold is higher for IHL-derived crimes than for ordinary or counter-terrorism offences, and appears to be essential to preserve domestic criminal law's cornerstone principles. The way ordinary criminal law offences or new counter-terrorism specific offenses are interpreted in terrorist cases leads to the dilution of the elements of the crime and thus to the violation of the principle of individualization of sentences. This, the paper argues, would not happen should the IHL framework fully coexist with the counter-terrorism (CT) apparatus, in which case it would at the very least promote a less preemptive prosecution culture. The second reason to prosecute on the basis of IHL-derived norms is to protect humanitarian actors, who otherwise face growing risks of prosecution when they operate in areas where terrorist armed groups are active. Indeed, the turn to preemptive criminal justice, the related extension of terrorism-related offences and dilution of the elements of the crime tend to criminalize all kinds of links and interactions with terrorist groups, without requiring the actual participation in, or intention to participate in a terrorist act. IHL also contains provisions which explicitly protect humanitarian and medical personnel and forbid their harassment, arrest and prosecution
Resistance to the Epistemology of the Secret of International Law
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter explores the question of whether the epistemology of the secret of international law and the necessities it puts in place can be resisted. No definite answer to that question is sought here and only tentative reflections on the possibility of resisting the epistemology of the secret are provided in the following paragraphs. This chapter proceeds as follows. This chapter starts by elaborating on why it matters to spare no effort to resist the epistemology of the secret and rein in its consequences. The chapter then recalls that a mere termination or discontinuation of the epistemology of the secret, of its necessities, and of all the literary, hermeneutical, critical, economic, and ideological attitudes it entails is an impossibility. Resistance, it is subsequently argued, can only take the form of an act of obnubilation, a notion whose concrete implications for international legal thought and practice are subsequently spelled out
Epistemologies of the Secret Elsewhere
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter draws the attention to systems of thought other than international law and that are similarly articulated around a postulation of the necessary presence of some content or substance deemed to be hidden in some way (what is called here the necessity of secret content) and/or the necessary performance of an act of revelation of some content or substance previously unknown (what is called here the necessity of revelation). The attention is drawn on the epistemologies of the secrets at work in Greek logocentric thought, in the Christian governance of the mind, in modern thought, in the idea of critique inherited from modern thought, in bourgeois literature, in Freudian psychoanalysis, in structuralist thought, and in poststructuralist thought
La conversion de Constance Debré. Négativité queer et mysticisme
No full textInternational audienceAlthough Constance Debré’s autofictions can be read as a queer bildungsroman, this article will demonstrate that her writing of the self, through a performative writing modality, takes the form of a radical conversion towards a negative queer ethics as a critique of social norms. In Play boy and Love Me Tender, the author writes the initiation to lesbian desire through a set of selftechniques that serve as ascetic body practices constituting the conversion as self-subjectivation. The lesbian body is then deconstructed through the breaking induced by jouissance, opening the possibility of subverting norms through the negativity of queer sexuality. Aligning with the post-gay literary tradition, and especially Guillaume Dustan, Debré’s narrative ultimately reveals a relationship with the deified body, in which the author recomposes a connection to transcendence from the erotic experience that becomes politically central. The presence of divinity in the body reactivates the tradition of Christian mysticism in contemporary literature, a mysticism that allows for an unmediated relationship to freedom, untouched by neoliberal institutions, through a conversion to queerness.Si les autofictions de Constance Debré peuvent être lues comme des romans d’apprentissage queers, nous défendrons que le récit de soi prend la forme, à travers une modalité d’écriture performative, d’une conversion radicale vers une éthique queer négative comme critique des normes sociales. Dans Play boy et Love Me Tender, l’autrice écrit l’entrée dans le désir lesbien à travers un ensemble de techniques de soi qui sont autant de pratiques de corps ascétiques composant la conversion comme auto-subjectivation. Le corps lesbien se déconstruit ensuite par l’éclatement de la jouissance, ouvrant la possibilité d’une subversion des normes par la négativité de la sexualité queer. Se rattachant à la tradition littéraire post-gay, et à Guillaume Dustan enparticulier, le récit debréien déploie enfin un rapport au corps divinisé dans lequel l’autrice recompose une relation à la transcendance depuis l’expérience érotique qui devient politiquement centrale. Cette présence de la divinité dans le corps réactive la tradition de la mystique chrétienne dans la littérature contemporaine, mystique qui permet un rapport non-médié par les institutions néolibérales à la liberté à travers une conversion à la queerness
Remaining gaps and obstacles in the outpatient setting for peripheral artery disease endovascular revascularization: Lessons learned from the French experience
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: The transition to an outpatient setting for endovascular treatment of lower-limb peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains slow, and obstacles persist. The aim of this study was to identify the obstacles to its development, according to vascular interventionalists. Methods: Between September 2022 and October 2023, all French vascular interventionalists, who were members of the participating societies, were asked to answer an online questionnaire on their outpatient setting practice for PAD endovascular treatment. The questionnaire explored patient selection criteria (medical and social), treatments, follow up, and potential obstacles. Results: Of the 279 respondents (43%), 228 (82%) were currently performing endovascular treatment of PAD on an outpatient basis. Most interventionalists ( n = 179, 79%) declared that an outpatient setting practice did not alter their technical approach. Age, obesity, chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), and chronic renal failure were not considered exclusion criteria for an outpatient setting by more than half of the respondents. Long iliac and femoropopliteal thrombosis were considered exclusion criteria by 48 (21%) and 75 (33%) of them, respectively. Interventionalists estimated the rate of potentially eligible patients at 58.3 ± 22.5%. Social isolation (lack of comprehension, communication means, or company) was considered the main exclusion criterion for more than 90% of the respondents. Medico-legal risks were identified as the main obstacle for 39% of interventionalists not practicing outpatient care. Conclusion: This prospective study identifies, from the perspective of vascular interventionalists, medico-legal risks, social isolation, and the complexity of lesions as the main obstacles to the transition to an outpatient setting for endovascular treatment of lower-limb PAD