Almatourism - Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development
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Literary Trails, Urban Space and the Actualization of Heritage
Get PDFThe look at the websites of tourist information offices of a lot of cities recently shows a new trend: walking tours on the trail of a novel, so-called literary trails. The city is explored following the trail of a fictional character. In novels drawing intensely on history, heritage sites become interlinked from a new perspective. Tourists follow these trails like neo-pilgrims. Hall’s circuit of culture can be used to describe these relationships. Heritage manifests itself not just in traditional local practices, but is also formed in the global space of discourses. Heritage as a traditional practice is encoded on specific local conditions. These encodings can be stabilized in global discourses (e. g. in discourses on a novel or a film) but can be externalized as well. Externalized heritage is disembedded from its traditional framing. It becomes decoded under new conditions and is dynamized by tourist practices. The question is, which kind of reading turns out to be the dominant one for the heritage. The invention of literary trails can be considered from different perspectives with regard to the city and its heritage, which should be discussed with the help of two spanish novels. Der Blick auf die Websites der Touristeninformationszentralen von Städten weist in der Rubrik „Stadtrundgänge“ seit einigen Jahren einen neuen Trend auf: Rundgänge auf den Spuren von Romanen, sog. literary trails oder literary routes. Auf den Spuren einer fiktiven Persönlichkeit soll die Stadt erkundet werden. Dabei wird eine Route entwickelt, die den Touristen zu Schauplätzen der Romanhandlung führt und damit gleichsam die Handlung vor Ort nacherleben lässt. Bei historischen Romanen (wie z. B. „Der Schatten der Windes“ von Carlos Ruiz Zafrón oder „Die Kathedrale des Meeres“ von Ildefonso Falcones in Barcelona oder „Der Ketzer“ von Miguel Delibes in Valladolid) oder solchen, die stark auf die Geschichte zurückgreifen (wie z. B. „Illuminati“ oder „Sakrileg“ von Dan Brown) werden auf diese Weise historische Sehenswürdigkeiten aus einem neuen Blickwinkel miteinander verbunden. Anders als bei der touristischen Vermarktung klassischer Routen wie der Seidenstraße oder dem Jacobsweg werden literarische Rundgänge zwar erst für den Touristen erfunden, der diesen Wegen aber gleichsam wie ein Neo-Pilger folgt. Diese Zusammenhänge lassen sich mit Hilfe des Hallschen Kulturkreislaufmodells beschreiben: Im Sinne eines doing heritage findet das Kulturerbe nicht nur in tradierten lokalen Praxen Ausdruck, sondern formiert sich auch im globalen diskursiven Raum. Das Kulturerbe als tradierte Praxis wird unter bestimmten lokalen Rahmenbedingungen kodiert. Diese Kodierungen können durch globale Diskurspraktiken (wie z. B. in Diskursen über den Roman oder die Verfilmung des Romans) stabilisiert, dabei gleichsam aber auch externalisiert werden. Ein externalisiertes Kulturerbe, das aus seinem tradierten Rahmen herausgelöst wurde, seine ursprüngliche Bedeutung also verloren hat, wird nun unter neuen Rahmenbedingungen dekodiert und über z. B. über touristische Praxen dynamisiert. Welche Lesarten des Kulturerbes sich dabei jeweils als dominant-hegemonial erweisen, ergibt sich aus den gesellschaftlichen Kräften, die hinter der Artikulation der unterschiedlichen Bedeutungen stehen und diese durchsetzen.Für die Stadt und ihr kulturelles Erbe lässt sich die „Erfindung“ der literary trails aus zwei Blickwinkeln betrachten, die anhand der oben genannten Romanbeispiele erörtert werden sollen: Einerseits eröffnet die Bezugnahme auf den Roman einer Stadt die Möglichkeit, sich und ihr kulturelles Erbe bekannter zu machen und über die touristische Wertschöpfung zum Erhalt des Kulturerbes beizutragen. Gerade Städten wie Valladolid, die auf der Landkarte des internationalen Tourismus bislang weniger prominent vertreten sind, eröffnen sich dadurch neue Möglichkeiten. Die globalen Diskurspraktiken im Rahmen der literary trails tragen in diesem Falle zur Stabilisierung der tradierten Kodierungen bei. Andererseits beinhaltet diese Art der Vermarktung aber auch eine verstärkte Disneyfizierung des Stadtraumes, die mit einer Kommodifizierung von Kulturerbe einhergeht. Über das literarisch implizierte theming wird dem Stadtraum eine neue Bedeutung zugeschrieben, die sich weniger an historischer Faktizität als an literarischer Fiktion orientiert. Die Diskurse über den „Da Vinci Code“ und die ihn ihm enthaltenen Verschwörungstheorien belegen dies. Kulturelle Erbe wird in diesem Fall externalisiert und die Geschichte der Stadt über den literary trail zur distory, zur disneyfizierten Geschichte
The Sustainability between Society and Environment: the European Project “ERNEST” in the Province of Rimini
Get PDFThe strong impact over the environment generated by tourism, can produce problems quite difficult to overcome, and which directly involve host communities. These problems have made it necessary reaching a balance between the autonomous development of tourist destinations and the preservation of environment, integrating the attention to sustainability into the tourist activities and into the tourist policies. In this brief work, the main results of the study conducted in the Province of Rimini within the European Project ERNEST will be described, and we will introduce the importance of the “social dialogue” as a tool to boost the participation in decision-making processes of all actors interested on the local touristic project. This can lead to an effective monitoring system of the tourist development, useful to find more sustainable ways to develop the territory, also helping to prevent the destination's decline that occurs when host communities' "limits of acceptance" towards tourism are exceeded, and indentifying new sustainable scenarios for the future of the destination.Il forte impatto sull'ambiente generato dal turismo può creare problemi piuttosto difficili da risolvere, e che coinvolgono direttamente le comunità ospitanti. Ciò ha reso necessario ricercare un equilibrio tra lo sviluppo autonomo delle destinazioni turistiche e la preservazione dell'ambiente, integrando l'attenzione per la sostenibilità nelle attività turistiche e nelle stesse politiche del turismo. In questo breve contributo verranno illustrati i risultati della ricerca condotta nella Provincia di Rimini nell'ambito del Progetto Europeo ERNEST e introdurremo l'importanza del "dialogo sociale" come strumento per incoraggiare la partecipazione ai processi decisionali da parte di tutti gli attori interessati dal progetto turistico locale. Ciò può portare alla realizzazione di un sistema di monitoraggio efficace e costante dello sviluppo turistico, utile a rintracciare modi più sostenibili per lo sviluppo del territorio, contribuendo a prevenire il declino della destinazione, che si verifica quando i "limiti di accettazione" della comunità verso il turismo vengono superati, e identificando nuovi scenari sostenibili per il futuro della destinazione
New Challenges in Teaching Accounting and Reporting in Tourist Enterprises
Get PDFThe experience of teaching for several years in different degree courses pressed me to use new tools and methods to make use of Connecting general trend of teaching all over the world this paper want to reply to the following research question: “what challenges we are facing in teaching accounting and reporting in tourist enterprises?”.Research design is oriented to deep study international literature about the state of art of teaching accounting and above all social and environmental accounting and reporting (SEAR)(Gray, Owen, Adams, 1996, Tinker, Gray, 2003; Tinker, 2005; Gray, Guthrie, 2007), because I think that this field is very important for service enterprises, especially for tourist ones. The importance is given by disclosure and democracy that is at the base of SEAR process and my interest to safeguard people and environment in tourist entities and destinations (Garrone, Di Cesare, 2005).I want to present some reflections about how to teach accounting in tourism to give student the availability to understand the constructive role of accounting but at the same time the bad role of it at the same to serve power and exploitation.The experience of teaching for several years in different degree courses pressed me to use new tools and methods to make use of Connecting general trend of teaching all over the world this paper want to reply to the following research question: “what challenges we are facing in teaching accounting and reporting in tourist enterprises?”.Research design is oriented to deep study international literature about the state of art of teaching accounting and above all social and environmental accounting and reporting(SEAR)( Gray, Owen, Adams, 1996, Tinker, Gray, 2003; Tinker, 2005; Gray, Guthrie, 2007), because I think that this field is very important for service enterprises, especially for tourist ones. The importance is given by disclosure and democracy that is at the base of SEAR process and my interest to safeguard people and environment in tourist entities and destinations ( Garrone, Di Cesare, 2005).I want to present some reflections about how to teach accounting in tourism to give student the availability to understand the constructive role of accounting but at the same time the bad role of it at the same to serve power and exploitation
