Austrian Academy of Sciences
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Die Entwicklung der Kompetenzverteilung 1920 bis 1929 in Gesetzgebung und Wissenschaft. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2021|
No full textKey aspects of the Austrian system of federalism were not yet present in the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (the BVG). Rather they were forged by the profound challenges of the First Republic (fiscal, ideological and social) bbetween 1920 and 1929 and the resulting compromises that define Austrian federalism to this day. The legal distribution of competences between the Bund and the Länder in conjunction with a new model of judicial review allowed for conflicts to shift from the political to the legal arena, realizing a key aspect of Kelsenian legal thought. The dire state of public finances led to repeated constitutional compromises between the two major political parties, whose interests soon were at odds with their doctrinal stance on federalism: The centralist Social Democrats sought to safeguard the status of “Red” Vienna as an autonomous Land, while the federalist Christian Social Party found itself in control of the federal government. A constitutional reform in 1922 aimed at stabilizing the fiscal constitution. It would, however, be left to the major constitutional revision of 1925 to resolve most of questions on the future structure of federalism left open in 1920. 1929 would see one final major compromise before Austria’s descent into authoritarianism and ultimately totalitarianism. While these reforms and their foundations and reflections in legal scholarship were unable to save the First Republic, they created a stable framework for democratic federalism’s rebirth after 1945 and today’s multi‐level legal governance in the European legal area
Die Teilnovellen als letzter Akt der österreichischen Zivilgesetzgebung in Mitteleuropa. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2020|
No full textIn the early 1970s, Helmut Slapnicka published his book “Österreichs Recht ausserhalb Österreichs. Der Untergang des österreichischen Rechtsraums“. This volume constitutes an important and central starting point for further enquiries into the continued formal and substantial relevance of the realm of Austrian law. As a first step towards in‐depths studies on the Austrian civil law area in the 20th century, this article presents a brief introduction to the last major act of Austrian civil law legislation and its continuing relevance in Central Europe
A Comparison of Convolutional Neural Network Architectures for Automated Detection and Identification of Waterfowl in Complex Environments. GI_Forum|GI_Forum 2021, Volume 2|
No full textWaterfowl monitoring is an important task for understanding waterfowl distribution and habitats. Surveying approaches using hyper-spatial airborne imagery, collected by small unoccupied aerial systems (sUAS), hold potential to overcome the limitations of traditional methods while improving count efficiency and reliability. Difficulties obtaining waterfowl counts, particularly in complex image scenes, from the high quantity of imagery required hinders deployment of large-scale surveys. In this paper, we test Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to understand their potential and how they behave across different versions of our waterfowl dataset. Three CNN architectures (YOLO, Retinanet and Faster R-CNN) were trained on 3 hierarchical levels: waterfowl detection (True / False), waterfowl type (3 classes), and waterfowl species (8 classes). The architectures generally performed well, and results indicate that automated waterfowl detection in complex environments, and therefore enumeration, is feasible using current technology. Waterfowl identification in complex environments was not successful using the available training data, but we propose steps that might enhance the results
