Austrian Academy of Sciences
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The Judicial Circle in the Free City of Cracow (1815–1846). Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2020|
No full textThe subject of the article is the judicial circle in the Free City of Cracow in the years 1815–1846. It reconstructs the political position of the judges of the Court of First Instance, Court of Appeal and Court of Third Instance, adjudicating both in civil and criminal cases, and discusses their rights (remuneration, pension, wearing a uniform) and their obligations, the violation of which resulted in disciplinary and criminal liability. Attention is drawn to the fundamental constitutional principles of judicial independence and independence of the judiciary. It also discusses methods of examining the qualifications of candidates, including examination issues, which covered most areas of civil, commercial, criminal and administrative law, as well as the history of law (including Roman law). Some of the most distinguished employees of the justice system are presented, as are the opinions of witnesses of events concerning its functioning
Die Auswirkungen der theresianisch-josephinischen Reformen auf die Stellung der Grundherrschaften. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2020|
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to outline the fundamental developments in the position of the manors during the reform period in the Habsburg monarchy under the reign of Maria Theresa and Joseph II. The focus of the article is on the one hand on the different interventions of the emerging state in the sphere of the manors, and on the other hand on some aspects that illustrate the limits of the state´s influence on regional administration
Die Kompetenzverteilung und die EU. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2021|
No full textThe fragmentation of the Austrian distribution of competences between the federal government and the Länder does not offer favourable framework conditions for the adoption of Union law in the state legal system. The requirement of a uniform application of Union law exerts a certain centralising pressure on the legal orders of the Member States. As a result, several modifications of the distribution of competences in favour of the federal government have taken place since Austria joined the EU. If this development continues, it could lead to a gradual change in the nature of the distribution of competences between the federal government and the Länder in Austria
‘This is a Great Place for Children. Here, They Can Play, Do What They Want, Have Fun and Other Things.’ Mapping Primary School Children’s Everyday Spaces. GI_Forum|GI_Forum 2021, Volume 2|
No full textThis article presents empirical findings from a learning environment based on education for Spatial Citizenship (Gryl & Jekel, 2012; Schulze et al., 2015) conducted with primary school children (6 to 10 years of age) in the city of Essen, Germany. In workshops comprising three stages, participants used an easy-to-use mapping application to trace significant places and objects in their school surroundings in relation to the workshops’ overall topic of envisioning designs and features of a ‘city for children’. This paper focuses on the analysis of collaborative maps created from children’s perspectives on urban space in their own life-worlds
Multidimensional Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis. GI_Forum|GI_Forum 2021, Volume 2|
No full textThe assessment of spatial autocorrelation is one of the primary tasks in geographical data analysis. Identifying and examining deviations from the expected autocorrelation is key to gaining a thorough understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. Traditional measures of geospatial sciences focus on the detection of spatial clusters or spatial heteroscedasticity, often in low-dimensional data. However, phenomena are often multidimensional and interdependent – both with and without their spatial dependency – and the toolbox of geospatial sciences is not yet well developed in this regard. The present study aims to contribute to this toolbox for scientists and practitioners. The proposed approach focuses on the detection of spatial discontinuity, considering heteroscedasticity by spatially contrasting residuals from a fitted spatial error model (SEM). This contrast-enhancing technique identifies locations whose attributes differ significantly from those of the surrounding features, and with that the technique indicate spatial breaks. The approach is evaluated using agro-ecological field data to identify anomalies and was originally motivated for application in the context of precision farming. Our results enhance understanding of the underlying spatial processes of agricultural fields. The findings contribute to advanced, multidimensional, exploratory, spatial data analysis and present an alternative approach to conventional methods
Nile Delta settlements during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods – their internal structure, variability, and evidence of “royal” influence. Ägypten und Levante|Ägypten und Levante XXXI 31|
No full textThe analyses of individual sites have made it possible to define the spatial structure of settlements and the degree of “royal” impact on the towns and villages of the Delta. Their shape was determined by the flow of local watercourses, and spatial systems were developed around one or more cores having their origins in the local topography. There were no walls surrounding entire settlements. Internal walls, however, often indicated the division of settlement areas into districts. Also, the uniform orientation of buildings within the cores cannot be regarded as evidence of centralized urban planning. Domestic and farm buildings were arranged on a rectangular plan that was agglutinating and fairly uniform. The elements that stood out against the background of low-rise buildings were mainly multi-storey and massive administrative or defensive structures, referred to in Egyptian sources as Hwt or swnw, usually located on local rivers and associated with production zones. These buildings were the seats of institutions that controlled local production and the flow of goods and people in the name of the king. Their presence is the most striking evidence of “royal” influence on settlements. Temples and cultic areas, on the other hand, were generally hidden in the center of settlement tissue or even within administrative buildings. It was only at the end of the Old Kingdom that temples were brought under royal patronage, becoming increasingly monumental and displaying the majesty of the king to the local populace