ASIAN JOURNAL FOR POVERTY STUDIES (AJPS)
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INCOME INEQUALITY AND POVERTY AMONG RICE FARMERS: A CASE ON OWNER FARMERS AND SHARECROPPERS IN LAHAT REGENCY OF SOUTH SUMATERA PROVINCE
Full text linkSouth Sumatera Province occupies the position of poverty above the national average. The biggest contribution came from rural areas, most of which were communities with livelihoods as rice farmers. In-depth information is needed by the government to continue to reduce poverty and income inequality that occur. Lahat Regency is in the spotlight due to the achievement of average economic growth and poverty reduction above the provincial average. The lack of available information regarding the poverty of rice farmers in the category of land ownership status (owner and sharecropper) is an important foundation for this research. The objective of this study was to determine income inequality and poverty distribution among rice farmers in Lahat Regency of South Sumatera Province. Using the Gini ratio and minimum income based on the method by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS), the level of inequality and distribution of poverty between the owner farmers and sharecroppers were determined. The results of the study showed that income inequality occurred in the moderate category of rice farmers in the Lahat Regency. Based on BPS and ADB criteria, the highest distribution of poverty is found on sharecroppers. Overall poverty occurred among the rice farmers in Lahat Regency was high, namely 52.55% (BPS) or 73.65% (ADB).
FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN VIET NAM
Full text linkMicrofinance plays an important role in the nation's financial inclusive system. Therefore, the development of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) increasingly receives the attention of governments, especially in developing countries. In which, financial sustainability is one of the determinants which measures the development of microfinance institutions (MFIs). In this research, the institutionalist approach is applied with the purpose of developing empirical evidence for the determinants that affect the financial sustainability of MFIs in Viet Nam. Financial sustainability is analyzed through the evaluation criteria of the investors and the wholesale lending organizations. The Fixed Effect Model is applied to determine the factors that affect the financial sustainability of MFIs in Viet Nam. Quantitative results show that the financial sustainability of MFIs is governed by five factors, including (i) the growth rate of MFIs’ outstanding loans, (ii) the efficiency of MFIs’ performance, (iii) the ratio of borrowers to the number of staffs of MFIs with a positive impact; (iv) the debt-to-equity ratio of MFIs; and (v) the incremental cost per client of the MFIs with negative effec
EMERGING MALAYS: MOVING FROM POVERTY TO STRONG IDENTITY AND HIGH ECONOMIC POWER
Full text linkThe purpose of the study is to determine factors that influence the development of future Malays in relation to their economic status, personal identity and leadership position. The study was conducted amongst 505 Malaysian Malays to understand their views about the important elements of emerging Malay. Malay self-attributes, education system and contribution of other parties play different but unique roles in the formation of the emerging Malays. This paper is written with two main objectives: 1) to determine the factors that contribute to emerging Malays with strong identity, economic power and leadership attributes 2) to examine whether the factors of personal attributes, education system, and the role of the community, economic and government support (subsidy) have a significant effect towards the future development of Malays. The authors found that Malaysian Malays are optimistic about the emerging Malaysian culture and are adapting well to the cultural elements of other ethnic groups despite some differences in opinions about what constituted the Malaysian culture
IMPACT OF URBAN SECTOR ON POVERTY AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN SRI LANKA
Full text linkSri Lanka has been one of the countries in the region with faster expansion of urban areas. However, less attention has been paid on the rapid expansion of Sri Lanka’s urban areas and its impacts on poverty and income inequality in Sri Lanka. Hence, the objective of the current study is to examine the impacts of urban sector on poverty and income inequality in Sri Lanka. The study applied probit and ordered probit models and calculations of growth elasticity of poverty along with appropriate descriptive statistics. The analysis is mainly based on the data from Household Income & Expenditure Survey (2012/13) conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka. The findings suggest that the being an urban sector household significantly reduces poverty. More specifically, the probabilities of being extreme poor, poor and vulnerable non-poor for a household in the urban sector are lower by 0.2%, 3.4% and 8.1% respectively, compared to the estate sector. Similarly, the probability of being non-poor for a household in urban areas is higher by 11.63%, compared to the estate sector. Furthermore, the urban sector has the highest Growth Elasticity of Poverty (-0.31) which reflects that the rate at which growth translates into poverty reduction is highest in urban sector compared to other sectors. Apart from that, expenditure-based and income-based Gini coefficients for the urban sector are 0.4 and 0.51 respectively, and both are higher than that of the national and provincial averages of the Gini index. Moreover, the poorest decile of the urban sector owns only 0.5% of the total urban sector income while the richest decile accounts for 55.8% of the total household income of the urban sector. The study has empirically confirmed that, despite urban sector has the lowest probability of being poor, urban sector and urbanization significantly increase inequality. Therefore, the study recommends having a well-planned urban sector that promotes more equal distribution of resources as wel
PERCEPTIONS SURROUNDING THE REALITY FOR WOMEN IN POVERTY IN SAUDI ARABIA: AN EXHAUSTIVE DESCRIPTION OF POOR WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES IN SAUDI ARABIA
Full text linkThis research analyzes perceptions surrounding the social reality for women in poverty in Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.) to assist policy-makers in the creation of programs better able to help women in poverty. This study may be considered the first of its kind that includes Saudi women and foreign-born females in the K.S.A. In this study, poor women in Saudi Arabia were examined using the phenomenological approach. Using open-ended questions, in-depth one-onone interviews with the participants were conducted. The findings indicate that the reasons behind their situations include the following key points: (1) dependency on women’s traditional roles, (2) poverty relating to more structural attributes than individual factors, (3) less decision-making power, (4) intersection of gender, citizenship, and tribe status, including occupational status, stateless or non-tribes, education, and age, where older and less educated women experienced more poverty, and (5) financial assistance from SSD and other charities that is not sufficient to leave poverty
JUVENILE AT RISKS: PRECARIOUS SITUATION OF CHILD SEX WORKERS IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
Full text linkChild labor is one of the Philippines' most crucial problems, and emanates from a range of economic and social factors. This research was undertaken to describe the precarious situation of child sex workers in Cebu, Davao, Manila, and Pampanga who are in the tourism industry. Rooted on the Push-Pull factors theory and a descriptive design, it utilized an archival data-gathering method. The data were compiled from the researches done previously on child labor in the tourism industry in the Philippines that included 1046 respondents from the four provinces. Findings revealed that as they work in the establishments and streets, many of these child sex workers are 17 years old (49%), Catholic (88%), female (64%), born in the city/municipality where they work (38%), eldest child in the family (33%), have 3-4 siblings, and are living with their families (48%). A big bulk (67%) of them work to give financial support to help their families or they want to earn easy money. A good number (36%) of them work in bars/pub houses/nightclubs/gay bars/discos, and as entertainers (37%). The higher paid child sex worker earn an average of Php 900.00 per day. At the extreme high end, a few earned an average of Php 5,000 a night but their average daily earnings is only Php 400. Seven hundred-two (51%) are happy with their present jobs, while 678 (49%) also experience pain as they work. All child sex workers covered in the study were offered some form of assistance from the government, NGO’s, the Church, and school, like scholarship, jobs, and livelihood, but only 440 or 42% of them were ready to accept help. The process of reducing, if not eliminating, child labor is a vision that requires the commitment and cooperation of the government, employers, trade unions, and other sectors of society
MAGNITUDE, VICISSITUDES AND REMEDIES OF URBAN POVERTY IN NORTH-EAST NIGERIA
Full text linkNigeria is divided for political convenience, into six geo-political zones; The north east, in the last decade is in global media because of the ceaseless conflict and war-like situation between the Nigerian government and youth insurgents. The dictum of western education is “unlawful” was the agitation of the insurgents, and they seek to change the educational status quo. North East Nigeria is blessed with an arable land for agricultural activities and mineral resources. The inability and lack of the political will by the governments both at central and state governments to strategically invest in the growth of these sectors for development purposes, brought about many challenges for the north east geo-political zone. Greater percentages of the population within the north east are youths in their productive ages that were engaged in rural-urban drift in search for a better livelihood and economic comfort. This paper seeks to explore the magnitude, changes and solutions of urban poverty in north east Nigeria. The paper adopts a qualitative design to investigate the perceived economic deprivation, social challenges and political miscalculations by the state and their inability to plan for the economic well-being of its population. Data were sourced at secondary source and thematic analysis was employed for analysis. Urban poverty brought many untold hardships to the people in the north east states, Hitches arising from fast urbanization with rapid development of the cities in the North-East, are very apparent. Lack of ensuring satisfactory and steady establishment of the basic needed services such as housing, health care amenities, water, electricity etc are remains the greatest encounter. This will further incapacitate family’s social growth and economic progress unless income generating opportunities are created by policy makers and backed with a greater political will
THE ISLAMIC WOMEN MOVEMENT FOR SOCIAL WELFARE IN INDONESIA: A STUDY ON WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION ‘AISYIYAH’ IN MALANG REGENCY, EAST JAVA - INDONESIA
Full text linkAisyiyah is an organization of Islamic women's social movements aimed at improving the social welfare of women in Indonesia. The organization has spread throughout the country at national, provincial, district /city, sub-district, and village levels. This study was undertaken on Aisyiyahof Malang Regency to describe the types of activity performed by the organization and the implementation of the Islamic values in improving the women social welfare. A qualitative research approach was adopted and the data were collected from the interview, documentation, records, and other archival materials available in the organization management office. The results showed that the activities of Aisyiyah organizations at the local level were manifested in the form of various business charities, including (1) Sub-sub- recipient community TB-care; (2) Kindergarten teachers association; (3) Zakat, infaq, and shadaqahinstitute; (4) Economic Business-Cooperative; and (5) Junior high boarding school.The Islamic values underlying the spirit of the movement were the values contained in the Al-Quran, surah of Al-Maun regarding the obligation of Muslims to care for orphans and the poor
POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND COMMUNITY WELFARE: A CASE STUDY IN BONDOWOSO REGENCY, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
Full text linkPoverty and social welfare are inseparable indicators of poverty alleviation. The purposes of this study were to describe the distribution of poverty in Bondowoso Regency, East Java Province using welfare indicators and to overview the efforts had been made by the local government in tackling the poverty problems. The research was carried out using a qualitative descriptive method by referring to the secondary data with interactive model analysis. Based on the welfare-related issues that consisted of house ownership status, level of welfare, school drop out ,access to electricity, quality of water source, access to subsidized LPG, sanitation facility, working family members, and access to health service, there were five sub-districts of the regency experiencing acute deprivation. At regency level, all these issues were shared in equal proportions in contributing the poverty incidence across the twenty-three sub-districts. There were twelve sub- districts faced poverty problems by complying with at least two welfare issues. The highest level of poverty was found at Wringin Sub-district with six welfare issues, followed by Taman Krocok and Botolinggo Sub-districts with five welfare issues, and Klabang and Cerme Sub-districts with four welfare issues. Although a number of programs related to poverty eradication have been delivered, the root causesof poverty and welfare would still remain unsolved. Special attention and serious handlings for welfare improvement should be given to those sub-districts. The integrated program activities involving various parties should be taken into account to improve the effectiveness of the program as to the poverty alleviation in the Regency
INTERDISCIPLINARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL WORKERS AND OTHER PROFESSIONS IN HANDLING CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS AT SURYAKANTI HEALTH CLINIC BANDUNG, INDONESIA
Full text linkInterdisciplinary relations of social workers seen through interpersonal relationships of social workers with other professions, organization setting of interdisciplinary work systems and the funding model allocated for such interdisciplinary work. The researchers were interested in seeing the implementation of these three aspects with the aim of knowing the description of social worker relations with other professions in Suryakanti Health Clinic Bandung, Indonesia. The method used in this research was a qualitative descriptive method with ten informants consisting of two social workers, one doctor, one psychologist, four therapists, one nurse and one employee of management. Data collection techniques used interviews, observations, field notes, and document usage. Data validity was performed using credibility test with increasing perseverance, reference adequacy as well as triangulation of technique and time. The results showed that the clinic policy of separating the interdisciplinary works into inter-professional and referral divisions has brought about social workers lose their role as mediator and no longer participate in recommendation formulation with an interdisciplinary team. Consequently, all the activities related to the patient handling were mostly based on a good interpersonal relationship between the social workers and other professions. Similarly, due to the limited funding, the clinic provided the social workers with only transportation expenses, while the service fees expected to come from the parent of the visited patient were not always obtained