JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan
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Analysis of the Influence of Tambakrigagadung Landfill Leachate Characteristics on Water Quality and Heavy Metal Contamination of Reservoirs, Tikung District, Lamongan Regency
No full textThe Final Disposal Site (TPA) of Tambakrigadung Village, Lamongan Regency, implements a semi-sanitary landfill system in which waste processing still piles up piles of waste with soil for a certain period, causing a foul odor due to the leachate that collects. Leachate that is not managed correctly is feared to flow into reservoirs as irrigation and productive land that is used by local communities for rice fields or ponds around the Tambakrigadung TPA so that it can disrupt workers, reduce the quality and yield of rice fields, and affect the development of pond fish around the Tambakrigadung landfill. This research aims to test the quality of reservoir water, which refers to the leachate water quality standards of PermenLHK RI No. P.59 Tahun 2016. It analyzes the influence of leachate on reservoir water around Tambakrigadung. The method used in this research is grab sampling. Analysis of pH, BOD, COD, and TSS parameters using simple linear regression quantitative analysis. Quantitative parameter analysis shows that TPA Tambakrigadung leachate influences the pH and TSS parameters of reservoir water in Tikung District, Lamongan Regency, which is indicated by a significance value of <0.05. The analysis of heavy metal parameters shows that the leachate does not meet quality standards, with a total N of 187.7 ppm and cadmium of 0.15 ppm. The mercury parameter meets quality standards, namely 0.00065 ppm. Meanwhile, heavy metal parameters in reservoir water have met quality standards based on PP No. 22 of 2021.The Final Disposal Site (TPA) of Tambakrigadung Village, Lamongan Regency, implements a semi-sanitary landfill system in which waste processing still piles up piles of waste with soil for a certain period, causing a foul odor due to the leachate that collects. Leachate that is not managed correctly is feared to flow into reservoirs as irrigation and productive land that is used by local communities for rice fields or ponds around the Tambakrigadung TPA so that it can disrupt workers, reduce the quality and yield of rice fields, and affect the development of pond fish around the Tambakrigadung landfill. This research aims to test the quality of reservoir water, which refers to the leachate water quality standards of PermenLHK RI No. P.59 Tahun 2016. It analyzes the influence of leachate on reservoir water around Tambakrigadung. The method used in this research is grab sampling. Analysis of pH, BOD, COD, and TSS parameters using simple linear regression quantitative analysis. Quantitative parameter analysis shows that TPA Tambakrigadung leachate influences the pH and TSS parameters of reservoir water in Tikung District, Lamongan Regency, which is indicated by a significance value of <0.05. The analysis of heavy metal parameters shows that the leachate does not meet quality standards, with a total N of 187.7 ppm and cadmium of 0.15 ppm. The mercury parameter meets quality standards, namely 0.00065 ppm. Meanwhile, heavy metal parameters in reservoir water have met quality standards based on PP No. 22 of 2021.
Sanitary Hygiene Practices and Escherichia coli Contamination in Snack Food at Elementary School Canteens in Nganjuk District
No full textSnacks served at schools that are contaminated with Escherichia coli germs run the risk of harming students' health. The World Health Organization states that around 70% of diarrheal disease cases are caused by food contaminated with Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli contamination in school snacks can be influenced by a lack of hygiene and sanitation aspects. This investigation aimed to establish a connection between good cleanliness habits and an E. coli infection in the cafeteria food at Nganjuk District's primary schools. This kind of study has an observational design and a cross-sectional study plan. The research sample consisted of 12 canteens selected through purposive sampling. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and laboratory tests, followed by univariate analysis with descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis with Fisher's exact test. Laboratory test results explained that of the 12 samples, there were 5 (41.7%) foods contaminated with Escherichia coli. The outcomes demonstrated a link between the handler's hygiene (p = 0.015), sanitation of equipment (p = 0.028), serving process (p = 0.010), peddler facilities (p = 0.045), and Escherichia coli contamination. While the quality of food ingredients (p = 0.222) and TPM sanitation (p = 1.000) do not correlate with Escherichia coli contamination, It can be concluded that personal hygiene of the handler, sanitation of tools, serving process, and poor peddling facilities can increase the contamination of hawker food by Escherichia coli bacteria.Snacks served at schools that are contaminated with Escherichia coli germs run the risk of harming students' health. The World Health Organization states that around 70% of diarrheal disease cases are caused by food contaminated with Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli contamination in school snacks can be influenced by a lack of hygiene and sanitation aspects. This investigation aimed to establish a connection between good cleanliness habits and an E. coli infection in the cafeteria food at Nganjuk District's primary schools. This kind of study has an observational design and a cross-sectional study plan. The research sample consisted of 12 canteens selected through purposive sampling. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and laboratory tests, followed by univariate analysis with descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis with Fisher's exact test. Laboratory test results explained that of the 12 samples, there were 5 (41.7%) foods contaminated with Escherichia coli. The outcomes demonstrated a link between the handler's hygiene (p = 0.015), sanitation of equipment (p = 0.028), serving process (p = 0.010), peddler facilities (p = 0.045), and Escherichia coli contamination. While the quality of food ingredients (p = 0.222) and TPM sanitation (p = 1.000) do not correlate with Escherichia coli contamination, It can be concluded that personal hygiene of the handler, sanitation of tools, serving process, and poor peddling facilities can increase the contamination of hawker food by Escherichia coli bacteria
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Water Plant Based on Satellite Imagery and the Effect in Jatiluhur Reservoir
No full textWater vegetation in lakes or reservoirs can change the water's ecology. Water vegetation in Jatiluhur Reservoirs is dominated by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Water hyacinth in lakes or reservoirs becomes an invasive weed that can cause ecological degradation. Jatiluhur Reservoir is one of the water bodies affected by the uncontrolled growth of water vegetation. The study was conducted to determine the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water vegetation and its effect on Jatiluhur Reservoir. Water vegetation's spatial and temporal distribution was analyzed using Sentinel-2A satellite image data. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm was used to see the distribution of water vegetation in the reservoir waters. The observations show that the movement of water vegetation starts from the inlet area and then moves along with the flow of water to the center of the reservoir. Finally, it accumulates in the outlet area. The correlation between vegetation cover area and month of observation obtained the equation y=662.5x + 128.1. Based on the equation, the increasing vegetation cover area in the Jatiluhur Reservoir is predicted to reach 128.1 ha per month. The physical method used for controlling the growth and distribution of vegetation (water hyacinth) in Jatiluhur Reservoir by taking in the waters. Efforts to control vegetation physically must notice the increasing rate of water hyacinth distribution.Water vegetation in lakes or reservoirs can change the water's ecology. Water vegetation in Jatiluhur Reservoirs is dominated by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Water hyacinth in lakes or reservoirs becomes an invasive weed that can cause ecological degradation. Jatiluhur Reservoir is one of the water bodies affected by the uncontrolled growth of water vegetation. The study was conducted to determine the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of water vegetation and its effect on Jatiluhur Reservoir. Water vegetation's spatial and temporal distribution was analyzed using Sentinel-2A satellite image data. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm was used to see the distribution of water vegetation in the reservoir waters. The observations show that the movement of water vegetation starts from the inlet area and then moves along with the flow of water to the center of the reservoir. Finally, it accumulates in the outlet area. The correlation between vegetation cover area and month of observation obtained the equation y=662.5x + 128.1. Based on the equation, the increasing vegetation cover area in the Jatiluhur Reservoir is predicted to reach 128.1 ha per month. The physical method used for controlling the growth and distribution of vegetation (water hyacinth) in Jatiluhur Reservoir by taking in the waters. Efforts to control vegetation physically must notice the increasing rate of water hyacinth distribution
Use of Paci and Alum to Reduce Tss Levels in People's Rubber Soaking Liquid Waste
No full textThe coagulants used are PACl and alum because, in addition to their low price, PACl and alum are also proven to reduce turbidity and TSS levels in wastewater. This study aimed to determine the effect of PACl and alum on reducing TSS levels in people's rubber bath waste. This type of research is classified as an actual experiment, utilizing a pretest and posttest design with a control group. Integrated sampling was the sampling technique used in this study. Statistical analysis is performed using the normality test, and if the data is normally distributed, it is continued with the one-way ANOVA test. The normality test results showed average distributed TSS level data. They continued the Anova test (p = 0.005 < ɑ = 0.05), which found a difference between PACl and alum coagulant in reducing TSS levels in people's rubber immersion liquid waste. A PACl dose of 1200 mg/L lowered TSS levels by 46%. While the alum dose of 3000 mg/LL has not been able to reduce TSS levels, The variation in the dose of PACl and alum coagulants should be reduced again to be optimal for reducing TSS levels in liquid waste. To meet the quality standards of rubber immersion waste by reducing TSS levels, liquid waste with acidic or alkaline properties needs a neutralization process by adding lime.The coagulants used are PACl and alum because, in addition to their low price, PACl and alum are also proven to reduce turbidity and TSS levels in wastewater. This study aimed to determine the effect of PACl and alum on reducing TSS levels in people's rubber bath waste. This type of research is classified as an actual experiment, utilizing a pretest and posttest design with a control group. Integrated sampling was the sampling technique used in this study. Statistical analysis is performed using the normality test, and if the data is normally distributed, it is continued with the one-way ANOVA test. The normality test results showed average distributed TSS level data. They continued the Anova test (p = 0.005 < ɑ = 0.05), which found a difference between PACl and alum coagulant in reducing TSS levels in people's rubber immersion liquid waste. A PACl dose of 1200 mg/L lowered TSS levels by 46%. While the alum dose of 3000 mg/LL has not been able to reduce TSS levels, The variation in the dose of PACl and alum coagulants should be reduced again to be optimal for reducing TSS levels in liquid waste. To meet the quality standards of rubber immersion waste by reducing TSS levels, liquid waste with acidic or alkaline properties needs a neutralization process by adding lime
Mercury Content in Well Water and Public Health Complaints: Study Around Small-Scale Gold Mining in Jember Regency
No full textSmall-Scale Gold Mining is a community activity that is generally without permits. This activity contributes to negative impacts on the environment and society due to the use of mercury in gold processing. Waste containing mercury is not processed and is immediately disposed of in the environment. This research aims to determine the mercury content in community well water around Small-Scale Gold Mining and public health complaints. This research is a descriptive study with the research variables being the mercury content of healthy water, the distance of the well to the source of pollution, the condition of the sound construction, the use of the well, and public health complaints. This research involved 13 wells and 46 communities as respondents. Based on the measurements, interviews, and observations that have been carried out, it was obtained that the mercury content in 13 community wells water showed where these results are below environmental quality standards according to Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017. Three community wells do not meet the requirements for good sanitation and healthy spacing, and several community wells need to meet the requirements, such as walls and floors that are not watertight. Health complaints people feel include itching, redness of the skin, and itching and burning in the eyes. A few respondents around Small-Scale Gold Mining only felt these health complaints. Research shows that Small Scale Gold Mining activities have not polluted community water sources, namely well water, and have not caused significant public health complaints.Small-Scale Gold Mining is a community activity that is generally without permits. This activity contributes to negative impacts on the environment and society due to the use of mercury in gold processing. Waste containing mercury is not processed and is immediately disposed of in the environment. This research aims to determine the mercury content in community well water around Small-Scale Gold Mining and public health complaints. This research is a descriptive study with the research variables being the mercury content of healthy water, the distance of the well to the source of pollution, the condition of the sound construction, the use of the well, and public health complaints. This research involved 13 wells and 46 communities as respondents. Based on the measurements, interviews, and observations that have been carried out, it was obtained that the mercury content in 13 community wells water showed where these results are below environmental quality standards according to Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017. Three community wells do not meet the requirements for good sanitation and healthy spacing, and several community wells need to meet the requirements, such as walls and floors that are not watertight. Health complaints people feel include itching, redness of the skin, and itching and burning in the eyes. A few respondents around Small-Scale Gold Mining only felt these health complaints. Research shows that Small Scale Gold Mining activities have not polluted community water sources, namely well water, and have not caused significant public health complaints
Variations of Gadung Tuber Extract (Discorea hispida) and Boric Acid in Gel Form as Cockroach Bait (Blatella germanica)
No full textCockroaches are disease vectors that pose health and aesthetic problems. Traditional control methods use insecticides, which are becoming ineffective and environmentally harmful due to residue. An alternative method involves gel bait with plant-based insecticides, such as grading tubers, which are toxic to insects. This research aims to determine the optimal combination of grading tuber extract and boric acid in gel bait by calculating LC50 and LT50. Conducted at the Yogyakarta Health Polytechnic Vector and Animal Control Laboratory in February-March 2023, the study used a proper experimental design with a post-test-only control group. Five treatments were tested with five repetitions each, using 125 female cockroaches (Blatella germanica) selected via purposive sampling. Mortality data were analyzed using One Way Anova, LSD tests (p-value < 0.05), and probit regression. Results showed significant differences in mortality rates among treatments (p-value = 0.000). Variation C had the highest mortality rate, while variation B was the most effective, with an LC50 of 7.227 g. LT50 values were 99.237 hours for 5 g, 93.797 hours for 10 g, and 73.463 hours for 15 g. This study concludes that gel bait with grading tuber extract and boric acid is a promising alternative for cockroach control.Cockroaches are disease vectors that pose health and aesthetic problems. Traditional control methods use insecticides, which are becoming ineffective and environmentally harmful due to residue. An alternative method involves gel bait with plant-based insecticides, such as grading tubers, which are toxic to insects. This research aims to determine the optimal combination of grading tuber extract and boric acid in gel bait by calculating LC50 and LT50. Conducted at the Yogyakarta Health Polytechnic Vector and Animal Control Laboratory in February-March 2023, the study used a proper experimental design with a post-test-only control group. Five treatments were tested with five repetitions each, using 125 female cockroaches (Blatella germanica) selected via purposive sampling. Mortality data were analyzed using One Way Anova, LSD tests (p-value < 0.05), and probit regression. Results showed significant differences in mortality rates among treatments (p-value = 0.000). Variation C had the highest mortality rate, while variation B was the most effective, with an LC50 of 7.227 g. LT50 values were 99.237 hours for 5 g, 93.797 hours for 10 g, and 73.463 hours for 15 g. This study concludes that gel bait with grading tuber extract and boric acid is a promising alternative for cockroach control
Analysis of Water Quality Status of Karang Mumus River Segment Gunung Lingai dan Gelatik Samarinda
No full textWater is a basic need for plants, animals, and humans. All daily activities require water, both as drinking water and as a fulfillment of needs in daily activities. The main problem is that surface water is often polluted, reducing water quality. The research was conducted using descriptive research methods with a quantitative approach. The results of the measurements of the eight water parameters of the Karang Mumus River in the Gunung Lingai Segment are TSS 39 mg/L, BOD 1.575 mg/L, COD 38.657, nitrate 0.137 mg/L, phosphate 0.085 mg/L, DO 2.925, fecal coli 81600/100 ml water, and pH 7.615. The measurement results of the Karang Mumus river water parameters in the Gelatik Segment are TSS 32.2 mg/L, BOD 1.75 mg/L, COD 21.701, nitrate 0.129 mg/L, phosphate 0.077 mg/L, DO 3.25, fecal coli 231200/100 ml water, and pH 6.67. The research results on the Karang Mumus River, Segments of Gunung Lingai and Gelatik, showed the same results. Calculation of the water quality status of the Karang Mumus River in the Gunung Lingai segment shows a value of 7.577. This value is included in the category of moderate contamination. Calculation of the water quality status of the Karang Mumus River in the Gelatik Segment is also included in the moderately polluted category with a pollution index value of 9.173.Water is a basic need for plants, animals, and humans. All daily activities require water, both as drinking water and as a fulfillment of needs in daily activities. The main problem is that surface water is often polluted, reducing water quality. The research was conducted using descriptive research methods with a quantitative approach. The results of the measurements of the eight water parameters of the Karang Mumus River in the Gunung Lingai Segment are TSS 39 mg/L, BOD 1.575 mg/L, COD 38.657, nitrate 0.137 mg/L, phosphate 0.085 mg/L, DO 2.925, fecal coli 81600/100 ml water, and pH 7.615. The measurement results of the Karang Mumus river water parameters in the Gelatik Segment are TSS 32.2 mg/L, BOD 1.75 mg/L, COD 21.701, nitrate 0.129 mg/L, phosphate 0.077 mg/L, DO 3.25, fecal coli 231200/100 ml water, and pH 6.67. The research results on the Karang Mumus River, Segments of Gunung Lingai and Gelatik, showed the same results. Calculation of the water quality status of the Karang Mumus River in the Gunung Lingai segment shows a value of 7.577. This value is included in the category of moderate contamination. Calculation of the water quality status of the Karang Mumus River in the Gelatik Segment is also included in the moderately polluted category with a pollution index value of 9.173
Causes and Prevention of Global Diseases Sexually Transmitted Infections: Literatur Review
No full textSexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a group of infections that are currently responsible for many morbidities and mortality in developing countries, because STIs have a role in facilitating the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and have a significant negative impact on reproductive health and children. Complications of STIs can cause infertility in both men and women, ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, premature death, congenital syphilis, low birth weight, prematurity and ophthalmia neonatorum. In developing nations, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a significant issue due to their high incidence and prevalence. To prevent these issues, efforts to control and prevent STIs are required. In addition to the lack of diagnostic tools for services, rising antibiotic resistance, shifting patterns of STI pathogens, low treatment seeking behavior, and complex transmission dynamics, the lack of political policies to control STIs is fundamental to the limited success of STI control in developing nations. Invest in effective control measures and to maintain and strengthen the basic health system; however, there is a lack of data on the prevalence of diseases and the effectiveness of programs. Primary prevention and a variety of treatment options are some general strategies that can be used to prevent and control STIs in developing nations. Programs for changing behavior, structural interventions, and the use of a variety of prevention technologies are all examples of primary prevention interventions.Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a group of infections that are currently responsible for many morbidities and mortality in developing countries, because STIs have a role in facilitating the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and have a significant negative impact on reproductive health and children. Complications of STIs can cause infertility in both men and women, ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, premature death, congenital syphilis, low birth weight, prematurity and ophthalmia neonatorum. In developing nations, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a significant issue due to their high incidence and prevalence. To prevent these issues, efforts to control and prevent STIs are required. In addition to the lack of diagnostic tools for services, rising antibiotic resistance, shifting patterns of STI pathogens, low treatment seeking behavior, and complex transmission dynamics, the lack of political policies to control STIs is fundamental to the limited success of STI control in developing nations. Invest in effective control measures and to maintain and strengthen the basic health system; however, there is a lack of data on the prevalence of diseases and the effectiveness of programs. Primary prevention and a variety of treatment options are some general strategies that can be used to prevent and control STIs in developing nations. Programs for changing behavior, structural interventions, and the use of a variety of prevention technologies are all examples of primary prevention interventions
Health Risks of Exposure to Cadmium in Tila Fish in The Community of Kerta Buana Village, Kutai Kartanegara District
No full textThe presence of heavy metal cadmium in ex-mining ponds results from coal excavation and refining activities. Ex-mining ponds are used by the community for fishing and fish farming, the community uses ex-mining ponds. Communities often consume fish without fully understanding its quality and the potential health risks it poses. As a result, it is necessary to conduct community research on environmental health risk analysis (EHRA) as a first step to estimating or predicting health risks. The research was conducted for one month, from June to July 2022. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires, food models, and anthropometric measurements. Fish samples were collected from five different locations in ex-mining ponds, while human samples were taken from 20 respondents. The analysis of cadmium concentration in fish was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The study's results showed that the highest number of samples was about 0.0006 mg/kg of cadmium, while all of the respondents had a risk level value (RQ) of less than 1. This indicates that none of the respondents faced any health risks. It is recommended that people know and pay more attention to the types and sources of fish produced.The presence of heavy metal cadmium in ex-mining ponds results from coal excavation and refining activities. Ex-mining ponds are used by the community for fishing and fish farming, the community uses ex-mining ponds. Communities often consume fish without fully understanding its quality and the potential health risks it poses. As a result, it is necessary to conduct community research on environmental health risk analysis (EHRA) as a first step to estimating or predicting health risks. The research was conducted for one month, from June to July 2022. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires, food models, and anthropometric measurements. Fish samples were collected from five different locations in ex-mining ponds, while human samples were taken from 20 respondents. The analysis of cadmium concentration in fish was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The study's results showed that the highest number of samples was about 0.0006 mg/kg of cadmium, while all of the respondents had a risk level value (RQ) of less than 1. This indicates that none of the respondents faced any health risks. It is recommended that people know and pay more attention to the types and sources of fish produced
The Relationship of The Physical Quality of The House and Personal Hygiene with Dermatitis in Juai District
No full textDermatitis is a skin disorder that appears inflamed and irritated. There are two factors that influence the occurrence of dermatitis: exogenous factors (chemicals, microorganisms, temperature, and humidity) and endogenous factors (personal hygiene, skin thickness, age, gender, and disease history). In 2020, the Balangan District Health Office recorded data showing dermatitis as the 6th most common disease among the community from various sub-districts in Balangan Regency, with Juai being the sub-district with the highest number of dermatitis cases. In Juai, the Balangan District Health Office recorded 519 cases of dermatitis in 2020. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between the physical environment of the house, personal hygiene, and dermatitis in the community. We conducted this research as an analytical survey, utilizing a case-control research design. The sample consisted of 43 cases and 43 controls. The instruments used were a thermohygrometer, a lux meter, and a questionnaire. Some cases involved the use of data analysis. Statistical test results In Juai District, Balangan Regency, Somers'd revealed a significant correlation between the physical environment of the house (temperature p = 0.001, humidity p = 0.004, and lighting p = 0.002), personal hygiene (p = 0.018), and dermatitis. Patients with dermatitis should avoid allergen-triggering substances found in daily products and improve habits that can trigger dermatitis.Dermatitis is a skin disorder that appears inflamed and irritated. There are two factors that influence the occurrence of dermatitis: exogenous factors (chemicals, microorganisms, temperature, and humidity) and endogenous factors (personal hygiene, skin thickness, age, gender, and disease history). In 2020, the Balangan District Health Office recorded data showing dermatitis as the 6th most common disease among the community from various sub-districts in Balangan Regency, with Juai being the sub-district with the highest number of dermatitis cases. In Juai, the Balangan District Health Office recorded 519 cases of dermatitis in 2020. This study was aimed at determining the relationship between the physical environment of the house, personal hygiene, and dermatitis in the community. We conducted this research as an analytical survey, utilizing a case-control research design. The sample consisted of 43 cases and 43 controls. The instruments used were a thermohygrometer, a lux meter, and a questionnaire. Some cases involved the use of data analysis. Statistical test results In Juai District, Balangan Regency, Somers'd revealed a significant correlation between the physical environment of the house (temperature p = 0.001, humidity p = 0.004, and lighting p = 0.002), personal hygiene (p = 0.018), and dermatitis. Patients with dermatitis should avoid allergen-triggering substances found in daily products and improve habits that can trigger dermatitis