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Frenar el contagio por tierra y por mar en Cataluña y Mallorca en el siglo XV: en los albores de los cordones sanitarios
Full text linkESPAÑOL: El artículo analiza las medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos urbanos de los dominios occidentales de la Corona de Aragón frente a los brotes epidémicos que se sucedieron después de la Peste Negra (1347-51) y hasta inicios del siglo XVI. Específicamente, se fija en las estrategias introducidas en villas y ciudades de Cataluña y Mallorca para controlar la movilidad de personas y bienes en tiempos de contagio. Estas medidas se iniciaron en las décadas de 1420 y 1430, pero no se consolidaron hasta la segunda mitad de la centuria. Con una combinación de fuentes inéditas y
bibliografía local, se ofrece una reconstrucción de la secuencia de avances en su desarrollo, poniéndoles en relación con otros territorios europeos. Finalmente, se apuntan algunas hipótesis a explorar para interpretar la cronología y factores que incidieron en este proceso. / ENGLISH: This article analyses the measures adopted by the urban governments of the western territories of the Crown of Aragon in the face of the epidemic outbreaks that followed the Black Death (1347-51) until the beginning of the 16th century. Specifically, it looks at the strategies adopted
in the towns and cities of Catalonia and Majorca to control the mobility of people and goods in times of contagion. These measures began in the 1420s and 1430s, but they were not consolidated until the second half of the century. By a combination of unpublished sources and local bibliography, the sequence of advances in their development is reconstructed, putting them in relation to other European territories. Finally, several prospects are outlined for interpreting the chronology and determining factors of the process
Lieux et espaces des communautés. Introduction
Full text linkFRANÇAIS: Dans cette introduction nous soulignons l’importance des lieux et des espaces pour le fonc-
tionnement et l’existence même des communautés dans le haut Moyen Âge, en reprenant les caractéristiques de chaque contribution au dossier. L’introduction est divisée en deux parties (les espaces, les lieux) et souligne la fluidité des espaces et des lieux pour le developpement des communautés urbaines et rurales, en considérant aussi la particularité de la communauté publique fouillée sur la curtis de Valli, dans la Toscane méridionale. / ENGLISH: In this introduction we emphasise the importance of places and spaces for the functioning and very existence of communities in the early Middle Ages, highlighting the characteristics of each
contribution to the dossier. The introduction, therefore, is divided into two parts (spaces and places) and emphasises the fluidity of spaces and places for the development of urban and rural communities, also considering the difference between the latter and the public commune excavated on the Valli curtis, in southern Tuscany
Les communautés cléricales urbaines et leurs lieux. L’exemple des canonicae italiennes (840’s-1040’s)
Full text linkFRANÇAIS: Dans la lignée des travaux récents relevant du spatial turn, cet article se propose d’interroger les liens entre les communautés cléricales urbaines italiennes (les canonicae) et le système de lieux dans lequel elles s’incarnent et se déploient, en particulier le claustrum. / ENGLISH: In line with recent work on the spatial turn, this article examines the links between Italian urban clerical communities (the canonicae) and the system of places in which they are embodied and deployed, in particular the claustrum
Comunità costiere tra forme di potere e ambienti ‘ostili’ nella Toscana altomedievale. Un caso di studio tra ‘polarizzazione’ e ‘nucleazione’
Full text linkITALIANO: Nel primo paragrafo dell’articolo si procede a una sintetica rassegna delle indagini che hanno riguardato i paesaggi costieri della Toscana altomedievale, necessaria ad inquadrare il caso studio preso in esame. Quest’ultimo è relativo all’analisi multidisciplinare delle evidenze materiali di una corte regia identificata con quella di Valli, citata nel dotario di Ugo di Arles del 937 a favore della futura moglie Berta e di sua figlia Adelaide. Nel secondo, terzo e quarto paragrafo si illustrano in dettaglio i risultati delle ricerche per il caso studio: da quelle svolte nel centro della corte regia, ovvero nel sito dell’attuale Vetricella (Grosseto), ai survey multidisciplinari nel territorio circostante, originariamente interno alla stessa corte. Il paesaggio antropico e le modifiche del paesaggio naturale e forestale sono ricostruite dalle prime fasi di occupazione altomedievale sino all’abbandono, nel corso dei secoli XI-XII. Nell’ultimo paragrafo i dati esposti sono comparati con quelli desumibili dalle indagini svolte nei territori circostanti, con l’obiettivo di arricchire il quadro delineato nel noto modello toscano elaborato da Riccardo Francovich, tramite il concetto di polarizzazione, a cui si legherebbe la trama dell’articolazione di queste comunità costiere rispetto a luoghi topici e dominanti. / ENGLISH: The first paragraph of the article provides a brief review of the investigations concerning the coastal landscapes of early medieval Tuscany necessary to frame the case study examined. The case study concerns the multidisciplinary analysis of the material evidence relating to a royal court identified with that of Valli, mentioned in the dowry of Hugh of Arles in 937 in favour of his future wife Berta and his daughter Adelaide. In the second, third and fourth paragraphs, the results of the research for the case study are detailed: from the research carried out in the
centre of the royal court, (i.e. on the site of Vetricella), to the multidisciplinary surveys in the surrounding area, originally within the same court. The anthropic landscape and the changes in the natural and forest landscape are reconstructed from the earliest phases of early medieval
occupation to the abandonment during the 11th-12th
centuries. In the last paragraph, the exposed data are compared with those inferable from the investigations carried out in the surrounding territories, with the aim of enriching the picture outlined in the well-known Tuscan model elaborated by Riccardo Francovich through the concept of polarisation, to which the pattern of articulation of these coastal communities with respect to topical and dominant places would be linked
Pathophysiology of bone disease in chronic kidney disease: from basics to renal osteodystrophy and osteoporosis
No full textChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent disease that has become a public health problem. Progression of CKD is associated with serious complications, including the systemic CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Laboratory, bone and vascular abnormalities define this condition, and all have been independently related to cardiovascular disease and high mortality rates. The "old" cross-talk between kidney and bone (classically known as "renal osteodystrophies") has been recently expanded to the cardiovascular system, emphasizing the importance of the bone component of CKD-MBD. Moreover, a recently recognized higher susceptibility of patients with CKD to falls and bone fractures led to important paradigm changes in the new CKD-MBD guidelines. Evaluation of bone mineral density and the diagnosis of "osteoporosis" emerges in nephrology as a new possibility "if results will impact clinical decisions". Obviously, it is still reasonable to perform a bone biopsy if knowledge of the type of renal osteodystrophy will be clinically useful (low versus high turnover-bone disease). However, it is now considered that the inability to perform a bone biopsy may not justify withholding antiresorptive therapies to patients with high risk of fracture. This view adds to the effects of parathyroid hormone in CKD patients and the classical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The availability of new antiosteoporotic treatments bring the opportunity to come back to the basics, and the knowledge of new pathophysiological pathways [OPG/RANKL (LGR4); Wnt-beta-catenin pathway], also affected in CKD, offers great opportunities to further unravel the complex physiopathology of CKD-MBD and to improve outcomes.Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturia
Effect of Mo content on the properties of graphite-MoC composites sintered by spark plasma sintering
No full textGraphite–molybdenum–titanium powders prepared by colloidal processing technique were sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). This material is proposed in this manuscript due to its potential interest as heat sink. The influence of the molybdenum content (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 vol.%) on the thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of the composite are studied to define the composite with the best properties. Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of the composite graphite–10 vol.% Mo–1 vol.% Ti (that are composites of graphite with molybdenum and titanium carbides after sintering) are significantly better than those ofthe composites with lower molybdenum contents (2.5 vol.% and 5 vol.%). This way, flexural strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity are 1.5, 7.8 and 18 times greater, respectively,than in the composite graphite–2.5 vol.% Mo–1 vol.% Ti. In the case of comparing with the composite graphite–5 vol.% Mo–1 vol.% Ti, flexural strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity are 1.2, 5.1 and 3.2 greater in the composite graphite–10 vol.% Mo–1 vol.% Ti, respectively.Daniel Fernández-González acknowledges the grant (Juan de la Cierva-Formación program) FJC2019-041139-I funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Agencia Estatal de Investigación). Juan Pinuela ˜ Noval acknowledges the Programa “Severo Ochoa” of Grants for Research and Teaching of the Principality of Asturias for the funds received for the elaboration of the
Ph.D. Thesis (Ref: BP20 041)
I Castelbarco nel Trecento e nel Quattrocento: apogeo e disfacimento di una signoria di valle
Full text linkITALIANO: La Vallagarina, fra XII e XIII secolo, era soggetta a una nutrita serie di signorie rurali dipen-
denti dal potere dei principi-vescovi di Trento. A partire dalla seconda metà del Duecento le diverse signorie, vuoi per acquisto vuoi per successione ereditaria, furono riunite sotto il governo di Guglielmo “il Grande” da Castelbarco. Alla sua morte, i diversi distretti castellani in cui la valle era suddivisa, fra la Chiusa di Verona, Nago e Beseno, furono suddivisi fra i suoi eredi. L’esiziale frantumazione della signoria che era stata di Guglielmo, a partire dalla metà del Trecento produsse un generale indebolimento della potenza familiare, ormai costretta a barcamenarsi fra le ambizioni egemoniche dei Della Scala, dei Visconti e dei conti di Tirolo. Ai primi del Quattrocento, col testamento di Azzone Francesco di Castelbarco († 1410), in valle si insinuò anche Venezia, cui seguì una progressiva esautorazione degli altri Castelbarco da parte di Venezia stessa, dei conti di Tirolo e dei principi-vescovi di Trento. Dopo l’espulsione dalla valle e l’estinzione degli altri rami familiari, l’unica linea a sopravvivere al generale declino fu quella di Castel Gresta, che riuscì a mantenere la propria signoria ancora per secoli e da cui derivano anche i Castelbarco tutt’ora esistenti. / ENGLISH: Between the 12th and 13th centuries, Vallagarina was subject to a large number of rural lordships dependent on the power of the prince-bishops of Trento. Starting in the second half of the 13th century, the various lordships, either by purchase or by hereditary succession, were united under the rule of Guglielmo ‘the Great’ da Castelbarco. On his death, the various castle districts into which the valley was divided, between the Chiusa di Verona, Nago and Beseno, were subdivided among his heirs. The exacerbation of the seigniory that had been Guglielmo’s, from the mid 14th century produced a general weakening of the family power, now forced to juggle the hegemonic ambitions of the Della Scala, Visconti and Counts of Tyrol. At the beginning of the 15th century, with the testament of Azzone Francesco di Castelbarco († 1410), Venice also entered the valley, which was followed by a gradual deportation of the other Castelbarco family by Venice itself, the Counts of Tyrol and the prince-bishops of Trento. After the expulsion from the valley and the extinction of the other family branches, the only line to survive the general decline was that of Castel Gresta, which managed to maintain its lordship for centuries and from which the Castelbarco family, still existing today, derived
Le dinamiche del mecenatismo signorile negli spazi sacri: un percorso per riconsiderare le geografie e le gerarchie del patronage artistico in Italia?
Full text linkITALIANO: Con il presente contributo si intende tracciare il quadro sommario di alcune strategie del mecenatismo aristocratico negli spazi sacri della Penisola italiana. La committenza di elaborati monumenti funebri marmorei, la scelta del luogo in cui fondare cappellanie o intere chiese,
conventi e monasteri, la scelta dell’ordine religioso a cui affidarli sono qui indicati come chiave di lettura per comprendere le distinzioni interne alle aristocrazie italiane. In particolare, una nuova disamina del mecenatismo signorile tra XIV e XVI secolo è ritenuto un mezzo per affrontare una generale revisione delle gerarchie e geografie culturali italiane di eredità vasariana. / ENGLISH: The paper aims to outline some of the strategies of aristocratic patronage in sacred spaces in the Italian peninsula. The commissioning of elaborate marble funerary monuments, the choice of location for chaplaincies or entire churches, convents and monasteries, and the choice of the
religious order to which to entrust them are indicated here as keys to understanding the internal distinctions within the Italian aristocracies. In particular, a new examination of aristocratic patronage between the 14th and 16th centuries is considered a means to address a general revision of the Italian cultural hierarchies and geographies of Vasari’s legacy
L’autorappresentazione dei signori rurali (secoli XIV-XV): spunti di riflessione
Full text linkITALIANO. È possibile parlare, nell’Italia del XIV-XV secolo, di modelli di autorappresentazione caratte-
ristici dei signori rurali? Sono modelli comuni all’insieme della Penisola, dalle Alpi alla Sicilia? Quali sono le loro principali caratteristiche e i loro canali privilegiati di trasmissione? Che relazioni hanno con saperi cittadino-comunali da un lato, e le culture principesche dall’altro?
Per rispondere a questi interrogativi, il saggio esamina il ricorso a una cultura cortese condivisa, la puntigliosa attenzione alla celebrazione genealogica, la committenza e l’intraprendenza culturale dei signori e la crescita di un loro diretto dinamismo intellettuale, terminando con
la rinnovata importanza del castello nell’autorappresentazione culturale e sociale dei signori
quattrocenteschi. / ENGLISH: Is it possible to identify models of self-representation characteristic of rural lords in 14th-15th century Italy? Are these models common to the whole of the Peninsula, from the Alps to Sicily? What are their main features and their privileged channels of transmission? What relations do they have with the city-communal world on one hand, and princely cultures on the other? In order to answer these questions, the essay examines the use of a shared courtly culture, the
importance of genealogical celebrations, the patronage and cultural enterprise of the lords and the growth of their direct intellectual dynamism, ending with the renewed importance of the castle in the cultural and social self-representation of the 15th-century lords
Medioevo restaurato. La chiesa di Sant’Eligio Maggiore a Napoli
Full text linkITALIANO: La chiesa di Sant’Eligio Maggiore (o al Mercato) è il primo edificio religioso angioino partenopeo. La sua attuale configurazione è frutto di numerose stratificazioni che, di fatto, hanno più volte completamente riscritto sui resti delle strutture del passato, rendendo oggi difficile, se non impossibile, la lettura di alcune fasi costruttive del palinsesto architettonico. La ricerca ha avuto come obiettivo principale la costruzione e la sperimentazione di una metodologia che facilitasse la comprensione degli edifici medievali napoletani. Con un approccio multidisciplinare al tema, confrontando le informazioni provenienti dal rilievo digitale, dai dati d’archivio, iconografici e bibliografici, è stato possibile precisare alcuni aspetti relativi alle fasi costruttive tardomedievali, ai rifacimenti di età moderna e ai restauri di età contemporanea della chiesa, con significativi avanzamenti della conoscenza. / ENGLISH: The church of Sant'Eligio Maggiore (or al Mercato) is the first Angevin religious building of Naples. Its current configuration is the result of numerous stratifications which, have completely rewritten several times on the remains of the structures of the past, making today difficult, if not impossible, the reading of some construction phases of the architectural palimpsest. The main objective of the research was the construction and experimentation of a methodology that would facilitate the understanding of Neapolitan medieval buildings. With a multidisciplinary approach, comparing the information coming from the digital survey, from the archival, iconographic and bibliographic data, it was possible to clarify some aspects relating to the late medieval construction phases, the modern age renovations and the contemporary restorations of the church, with significant advances in knowledge