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The Public Health Approach to Violence Reduction: Stories, Movement, and Hope
Get PDFIn recent years, the UK has seen the emergence of a new approach to violence reduction—the public health approach. This method prioritizes early intervention and holistic support to prevent violence upstream. This movement, based in part on a perceived success story in Scotland, has led to the founding of more than twenty Violence Reduction Units in England and Wales, and more than £200m of funding to support evidence-based interventions. This book is based on a four-year, multi-method study of the public health approach to violence reduction in Scotland and England. Drawing on 190 interviews with leading professionals working in violence reduction, The Public Health Approach to Violence Reduction provides an empirical case study of the effects of the public health approach to violence reduction in the UK. It traces the evolution of the approach through different scales of policymaking and scrutinizes the claims of its potential, using the Scottish model as a case study. The study makes the case that the public health approach to violence reduction is not a single entity, but an assorted set of principles, practices, and discourses that alter as they enter different contexts. Informed by insights from the young people directly affected, The Public Health Approach to Violence Reduction aims to anchor policy in everyday life, thereby creating a roadmap for future policy that is deeply rooted in community experience
RedDots: Multiplanet system around M dwarf GJ 887 in the solar neighborhood
Get PDFGJ 887 is a bright M dwarf in the solar neighborhood with two currently reported nontransiting exoplanets with periods of 9 d and 21 d, along with an additional unconfirmed signal at 50 d. We reanalyzed the system with 101 new HARPS and 12 new ESPRESSO radial velocities (RVs) secured with a cadence to confirm or refute the origin of the 50 d signal. To do so, we searched for signals related to stellar activity in photometric data and spectroscopic indicators. We modeled the stellar activity in the RVs with Gaussian processes (GPs). With the Bayesian analysis, we confirmed a four-planet model, including the two previously known planets at periods of 9.2619 ± 0.0005 d and 21.784 ± 0.004 d, as well as two newly confirmed exoplanets: an Earth-mass planet, with a 4.42490 ± 0.00014 d period and a sub-meter-per-second amplitude, and a super-Earth with a 50.77 ± 0.05 d period located in the habitable zone (HZ). This super-Earth is the second closest planet in the HZ, after Proxima Cen b. We found an additional signal in a 2:1 resonance with the 4.4 d planet at 2.21661 ± 0.00010 d with an amplitude of 0.37 ± 0.09 m/s, which could be related to an additional planet. However, other explanations of its origin are also plausible. This signal remains a candidate, as further investigation is required to confirm its true nature. If the signal is caused by a planet, its minimum mass would be half that of Earth. We measured the stellar rotation period with the characteristic periodic timescale of the GP. We found a period of 38.7 ± 0.5 d, which is consistent with the rotation period determined from photometry and other activity indices
PP-35 Support for young carers and young adult carers during terminal illness and bereavement: insights from a scoping survey in the UK
No full textIntroduction Children and young people often take on caregiving roles for terminally ill relatives, yet they do not always receive the support they need.
Aims This study explored the cross-sector support provided to current and bereaved young carers and young adult carers in the UK, including gaps and challenges in support provision, to help inform improvements to the available support.
Methods A web-based scoping survey of professionals with experience of supporting young carers (
Results A total of 106 professionals from 90 different organisations/services completed the survey, with most organisations identified as young carers charities/NGOs (36.7%), palliative care (15.6%) or bereavement services (13.3%). Support focussed primarily on educational and pastoral needs at e.g. school (n=80.0%) and emotional aspects of preparing for death (n=75.6%). Support with the practical aspects of caregiving and preparing for death was less common (37.8% and 45.6%, respectively). Most respondents (76.9%) identified groups of young carers/young adult carers with particular challenges to accessing support, especially those who are neurodivergent (78.8%), are from lower socio-economic Backgrounds (76.3%), have mental health conditions (72.5%) or are from refugee/migrant families (67.5%) or minority ethnic/faith communities (62.5%). The most common challenges in delivering support included access to funding (64.2.%) and specialist support to refer on to (60.4%), lack of staffing/volunteer capacity (52.8%) and the inability to provide transport to make services accessible (51.9%).
Conclusion Findings highlight support gaps related to practical aspects of caregiving and preparing for death, inequities in access to support and systemic challenges to support provision.
Impact Findings can inform policy and service development to improve the support for young carers and young adult carers
James Mackay
No full textJames Mackay, who was Lord Chancellor in Thatcher’s third term, was an incidental Thatcherite; that is to say, the extent to which his work in office was consistent with Thatcherism was primarily due to other aspects of his character, beliefs and experience rather than an ideological commitment to the Thatcher project. Mackay’s incidental Thatcherism comprises two strands: his Christian faith and his training and experience as an advocate and judge. The former was manifested through his social and moral conservatism (the neoconservative element of Thatcherism), with the latter being expressed through his support for neoliberal policies whilst in charge of the Lord Chancellor’s Department. Mackay was certainly ‘more judge first and politician second’, and it is argued here that he approached his political role like his judicial one: his duty was to interpret and apply the law or policy in line with established principles and not to pursue his own political ambitions
How Did We Get Here?: A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence
No full textIn the last decade or so, AI has become an important mainstream technology. It has gone from the preserve of specialist research projects to being ubiquitous in consumer goods and industrial and medical applications. Generative AI is having a major impact in many fields because of its ability to produce text and images on demand. However, despite the promise of contemporary AI, there are also many concerns about its use. This chapter attempts to trace AI’s development to this point. AI has gone through several phases, from early attempts to build complex robots that attempted to replicate the intelligence and behaviours of humans, to today’s Generative AI systems, which learn behaviours from data. AI techniques have moved from hand-crafted models, informed by cognitive theories in disciplines such as psychology and linguistics, to machine learning models in which behaviour emerges from patterns seen in large data sets. To give a sense of some directions in which AI might be headed, consideration is given to how unpredictable AI systems should be managed, and the ethical issues around AI’s use of data. The chapter ends by outlining some of the benefits that AI could bring to fields such as education
Who speaks for extraterrestrial ecosystems?: Why ET should have standing
Get PDFChristopher Stone's pioneering 1972 paper “Should Trees Have Standing?” proposed legal rights and standing for the environment under a guardianship model. In the decades since, the growing Rights of Nature movement has demonstrated the prescience of Stone's ideas. As humanity ventures into a new era of growing astrobiological research, and with increasing interest in commercial space development, the time is right to reimagine legal frameworks to acknowledge and safeguard the rights of extraterrestrial ecosystems. Building on Stone's argument, we propose that the legal system should recognise the interests of extraterrestrial life and its environments in line with his guardianship model. Several ways in which current law can be made to accommodate such recognition are suggested, for example through existing doctrines of international environmental law, including the ecosystems approach used in the Convention on Biodiversity. We examine the efficacy of the Rights of Nature movement and its role in promoting legal guardianship models to protect nature's interests, and call for engagement of environmental groups with key space governance bodies such as the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) or the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). We conclude that shifting the focus of current law and governance from an anthropocentric to an ecocentric perspective will allow non-human interests to gain voice in decision making, expanding Stone's circle of rights beyond Earth
Citizens as victims of human trafficking: Approaches to domestic trafficking in Spain, Ukraine and the United Kingdom
Get PDFAs of 2022, over half of all trafficking victims identified globally had been exploited in their home countries. However, state approaches to the recognition of victims of domestic trafficking via administrative procedures and in judicial proceedings have not been analysed in the literature, warranting an inquiry into the determinants of inclusion of exploitation of citizens onto national anti-trafficking agendas. This article employs legislative, case law and public policy analysis to characterise national approaches to domestic trafficking in Spain, Ukraine and the United Kingdom and identify the factors conducive to the recognition of citizens as trafficking victims. The findings show that the visibility of and policies on domestic trafficking depend on the type of exploitation prioritised, the authority providing accreditation for trafficking victims, local interpretations of the offence, the intensiveness of cooperation and the congruence of interests between domestic and international actors, as well as the impact of, and national responses to, regional integration processes and international crises. The article concludes that both inclusion and rejection of national victims articulate, in different ways, the rise in socioeconomic inequality within societies, suggesting a social rights perspective on trafficking prevention
Structuring the Sights and Stories of Pausanias with Wikidata
No full textThe Digital Periegesis (DP) project aims to create a multipurpose tool for archaeological, historical, and literary analysis of Pausanias by extracting from the text every significant manifestation of the classical past he records. The resulting database relates thousands of identifiable ancient places, people, collectivities, gods, objects, rituals, source texts, and events to each other and to their narrative context. Each text paragraph is linked to the geographic location the narrative implies to allow the possibility of visualizing complex special and temporal relationships in the narration that may have been clear in Pausanias’ time but are opaque to most modern readers. Capturing that narrative context requires uniquely granular mapping of the physical landscape of Greece while linking to those places the historical and legendary personalities and events that gave meaning to that landscape. Our goals could be achieved by adapting existing resources, in particular by exploiting the cross-disciplinary scope, openness, and flexibility offered by Wikidata both as a source of unique identifiers and as a relatively secure and sustainable repository of structured data extracted from the text of Pausanias