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A profile of the Hungarian DP: the interaction of lexicalization, agreement, and linearization with the functional sequence
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Low Resolution Infrared Proximity Array Based 3D Object and Force Reconstruction, and Modular Oscillatory Arrays
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Solving Non-Topographic Problems with Topographic and Synchronization Algorithms and Architectures
Get PDFBinján áv - A rabbinikus gondolkodásmód analízise egy rabbinikus írásmagyarázati szabály logikai vizsgálatán keresztül
Get PDFThe purpose of my dissertation is to examine the binyan abh rule which is one of the rabbinical exegetical rules (middoth) collected by Rabbi Yishmael around the 1st- 2nd centuries C.E. I have chosen this topic because – according to my opinion – understanding this particular rule helps understanding the other rabbinical rules, moreover, with the help of binyan abh rule, the rabbinical way of thinking can be modelled.
The structure of my dissertation is the following. In the Introduction I sketch out the development and the fundamental methods of the rabbinical exegesis till the end of the 2nd century C.E. In the first Chapter I locate binyan abh among the other rules, and examine the meaning of its name and its main characteristic expressions. In the second Chapter the rule is analysed by means of fifteen specific examples. In the third part of my thesis I try to model the rule using the hypothesis and theories of modern logicians. At the end of this chapter I examine the relevant questions of philosophy of language connected to my topic. In the Epilogue I compare the results of my examination with the self-interpretation of rabbinical exegesis.
The main propositions of my thesis: (1) The explicit laws in the Torah are prototypes (aboth) and the rabbies formulate general laws with the help of binyan abh rule from them. The generalization takes place on the basis of similarity and/or causality determined by the context. The rabbies do not generalize the intension of the explicit laws but the extension of them. They adopt the policy of minimal risk, and keep to „the letters” of the Torah. The reason for this attitude is the fear from violating the laws of the Torah and the preparation of the „defensive fence”. (2) According to Louis Jacobs, Avi Sion and Norman Solomon the generalization happens along causality. We can examine the talmudic examples with the Millian methods, but the Talmud says that G-d does not directly intend to tell us the reason of the commandments. (3) According to Dov Gabbay and his colleagues the rabbinical reasoning is abductive inference, so they create matrix abduction along the rabbinic
reasoning. In their opinion the logic of the Talmud is more abounding compared to the western logic. Modeling it with artifical intelligence could contribute to the development of science. (4) The rabbinic hermeneutical rules are most similar to Paul Herbert Grice’s maxims of conversation implicature. (5) The rabbies often deviate from the „literal meaning” of the Torah for the sake of humanitarian and ethical principles. (6) According to Rambam the source of the halakhah is not the derasha, but the tradition. So the middoth are not rules of derivation, but rules harmonizing the Oral Torah and the Written Torah. On the contrary, according to Rashi and Baale Tosafoth part of the halakhah is actually derivation from the text of the Tanakh. Based on my examination I agree with Rashi. (7) The peshat meaning is the meaning which comes from the context for the tannaim. But the context can be interpreted in several ways. According to the orthodox Judaism the context is the includes Written and the Oral Law as well, so the meaning of the halakhot in the Written Torah is determined by the Oral Torah. The derivations with the middoth are really acknowledgements, which give the peshat meaning of the Torah. According to the neolog and conservative Judaism the derivations with the middoth is the derash meaning of the Tanach (Griceian „content of communication”) and the peshat meaning is the simple meaning of the text determined by the whole context of the Tanakh (Gricean conventional meaning). (8) The system of the rabbinical interpretation developed along the debates with the different Jewish trends, mainly between the Sadducees, the Hellenized Jews and Jewish-Christians. The rabbies had to justify the halakhah from the Tanakh. This justification is often very formal. The manner of rabbies is very similar to the method of Greek sophists. The sophists achieved high rhetorical, grammatical and logical abilities, and they could prove anything from anything and the reverse of it as well. (9) The rabbinical decisions were verified by the majority and were supported by the authority of the Oral Law, which although contains extraordinarily numerous contradictions but according to the ortodox Judaism it is an annunciation equivalent to the Tanach. The Talmud says that even the Almighty could not intervene in the interpretation of the Tanach, because He said that „it is not in the heaven”
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Get PDFMaximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and the eighteenth-century transits of Venus : a study of jesuit science in Nordic and Central European contexts
No full textIn the years 1761 and 1769, the planet Venus passed in front of the Sun as seen from Earth. In that century of Enlightenment, these events – known as transits of Venus – attracted massive interest from the entire world of learning. The monograph "Maximilianus Hell (1720-1792) and the Eighteenth-Century Transits of Venus. A Study of Jesuit Science in Nordic and Central-European Contexts" is a source-based, historical case study that aims to explore and contextualise Venus transit activities in the Nordic countries and Central Europe. It traces the scientific career of an individual, Maximilianus Hell, and analyses the conditions for astronomical research in areas presently known as Slovakia, Austria, Romania, Hungary, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. It presents numerous primary sources and also has a separate part with editions of Latin texts. This is the first full-scale, contextualised study of the Jesuit Father Maximilianus Hell in the English language. New sources, not only on Father Hell, but also on the institutional history of astronomy in Central and Nordic regions of Europe are presented. The thesis is also pioneering in the sense that it covers areas that have until now been neglected or at least ill-understood in the Anglo- and Francophone historiography on the eighteenth-century transits of Venus. By ‘breaking down national barriers’ and employing a comparative perspective, it offers new insight into the different conditions for astronomical research in each country or region covered. Examination of archival sources and literature in various languages – primarily in Latin, Swedish, Danish, Russian, French and German – has been vital here. Hopefully, this study may prove helpful to the formation of a fuller and more nuanced understanding of the Venus transit projects of the eighteenth century, seen as an international enterprise