REAL-PhD

Krasznai, Beáta

A módosított láncmódszer késleltetett differenciálegyenlet-rendszerekre alkalmazásokkal = The modified chain method for systems of delay differential equations with applications

Lönhárd, Miklós

Különböző műveleti tényezők hatása a permetezés eloszlási viszonyaira = Effect of different operation factors on chemical distribution at plant protection sprayings

Kovács, Anikó

Aeroszol minták ökotoxicitásának elemzése = Ecotoxicological analysis of aerosol samples

Szabó, Eszter

Ép értelmű és tanulásban akadályozott kisiskolások testi fejlettsége és motoros teljesítménye

Koroseczné Pavlin, Rita

A FELSZÁMOLÁSI ELJÁRÁS ALÁ KERÜLT HAZAI KISVÁLLALKOZÁSOK HELYZETÉNEK ELEMZÉSE

Hiba, Antal

Memory Access Optimization for Computations on Unstructured Meshes

Péntek, Veronika

  
Veronika Péntek 
THE THESES of the DISSERTATION 
 
1. Topics 
 
The dissertation’s topic unfolds through the following three chapters: 
 
I. Introduction 
 The first chapter deals with the outlining of my objectives and tasks of the research. I 
present the literary historical background of my dissertation’s topics. Which are the following: 
overviewing the stoicism of Hungarian renaissance; analyzing István Ecsedi Báthory’s life 
and work from the above mentioned perspective; furthermore writing about the Hungarian 
Catholic renewal in the early modern period in line with Lukács Pécsi’s writings. 
A description is also provided about Ecsedi Báthory’s prosaic prayers1 and Lukács 
Pécsi’s pseudo-Augustinian translations.2 
 
II. Theory, literary history and cultural-historical overview 
 The historical evolution of the methods of prayer could be portrayed through the 
relation between prayer, meditation and the soliloquium-literature. I shall describe these with 
the help of Hungarian literary examples. 
 In the erudition of antiquity and of the Middle Ages memory and orality were 
fundamental tools in the transfer of cultural tradition. The rumination and meditation are 
placed in the following intellectual context: gathering knowledge, reflecting on the learned or 
read books. Regarding the expansion of memory rumination also played an important role. 
Based on chosen literary examples this dissertation seeks the answer to the following 
question: what kind of methods for praying and meditation are provided by the books of piety 
written on the turn of the 16-17th centuries.  
My research aimed not only Lukács Pécsi’s and Ecsedi Báthory’s aforementioned 
books, I also included one work of Péter Pázmány3 and one of Albert Szenci Molnár.4 In 
                                                          
1 ECSEDI BÁTHORY, 1984. 
2 Lukács PÉCSI, 1988 (RMNY 671). 
comparison with Pázmány’s and Szenci’s books the two aforementioned books of piety’s 
structure isn’t so rigidly bound. Ecsedi Báthory wrote prosaic prayers based on psalms for 
personal practice. In one of the chapters I write about Lukács Pécsi’s and János Erdődi’s 
translations of the work Soliloquia, which mediates the tradition of the literature of Christian 
spirituality5 in such a way that even readers of the present can understand it. The differences 
between the two translations didn’t influence the genre, both translations function within the 
limits of soliloquium, respectively the literature of meditation. The analysis of these two 
translations is completed with the phenomena of interconfessionality and the genre of 
soliloquia which constitutes a main part of my dissertation’s topic. 
 
 
Ars orandi and lectio divina. Ars orandi interpreted from the perspective of rhetorical speech 
 
 In this part of my work I depict the rhetorical evolution of the prayer and respectively 
the historical evolution of the related terminology. 
 I describe the thoughts of Lukács Pécsi , Ecsedi Báthory, Miklós Telegdi and Gergely 
Vásárhelyi on the method of prayer – it is good to keep in mind that these theories enrich the 
Hungarian concept of ars orandi. Furthermore I deal with the link between rhetorical narratio 
and prayer. I also expound the way in which certain parts of prayers are written with 
rhetorical tools, the steps of lectio divina and the three spiritual abilities (memoria, 
intelligentia, voluntas) – originating from Saint Augustine – entwine in prosaic prayer.  
 
The European intellectual environment. A spiritual historical take on the subject 
 
 Understanding the devotional mentality is very significant if one strives to give a 
complete analysis of books of piety written on the turn of the 16-17th centuries. That is why I 
pay  
special attention to the role of meditation and prayer in achieving the ideal of a perfect 
Christian life. 
                                                                                                                                                                                     
3 Péter PÁZMÁNY, 2001 (RMNY 1513. 
4 SZENCI MOLNÁR, 2002 (RMNY 1238). 
5 The essence of Christian spirituality that is devoid of any kind of religious denomination. 
 In this part of my dissertation I ponder upon the notion of perseverantia6 which – 
along with two other similar notions – provides appropriate knowledge of theory and history 
of theology for the proper analysis of Lukács Pécsi’s translation of pseudo-Augustine’s 
writing as well as for Ecsedi Báthory’s prosaic prayers. 
 
 The second, third and fourth part of my writing contains subsections of detailed text 
analyses as well as theoretical debates. 
The titles of the subsections containing text analyses are the following: 
 
2.3. Soliloquia-translations by Lukács Pécsi és János Erdődi 
3.2. Ars orandi interpreted from the perspective of rhetorical speech, might be considered a 
criteria for analyzing Pécsi and Ecsedi Báthory’s writings  
4.1.5. Questions regarding the righteous devotional attitude in other two works of Lukács 
Pécsi ,7 in the devotional writings of Ecsedi Báthory and in a prayer book written by Gáspár 
Debreczeni Szőr .8 
4.2.2. I depict the link between the notion of constantia and devotion through these works: 
Pázmány’s translation9 of Thomas Kempis’s work and respectively Sámuel Kéri’s work: 
Christian Seneca.10  
 
III. Analysis of the selected writings 
 I analyze the texts’ deeper meaning according to viewpoints developed by me. I 
resume the possible connection between perseverance, repentance and openness to piety in 
four groups. Hoping that in this way I can offer some sort of guidance through life’s 
challenging processes and in the better understanding of various manifestations of attitude of 
piety.  
                                                          
6 Latin word for perseverance. The Hungarian explanation for this Latin expression can be found here: Magyar 
Katolikus Lexikon I., 1993., 177–178. 
7 PÉCSI Hasznos orvossag…1597 (RMNY 810); Az test kornyvl…1598 (RMNY 838). 
8 DEBRECZENI SZŐR 1599. (RMNY 848) 
9 PÁZMÁNY, 1624,(RMNY 1297). 
10 KÉRI 1654, (RMNY 2510). 
2. Setting of objective and summary of the research 
 
 First of all my dissertation deals with meditations written by István Ecsedi Báthory 
between 1580-1605, furthermore the pseudo-Augustinian translation of Lukács Pécsi written 
in 1591. 
The main ideas of my research are based on Tibor Klaniczay’s following statement:  
the most representative genres of Mannerism are meditative literature, the meditative essay, 
and respectively the different versions of religious meditation. Klaniczay links the description 
of the characteristic genres of Mannerism with the new Stoic philosophy of late Renaissance 
from an ideological approach.11 However we will come to realize that in this research the 
literary historical question – referring to the analyzed books’ genre – needs to be expanded 
with an additional point of view, namely that of the history of spirituality. The Christian and 
new Stoic concept of the notion constantia could be expressed only in religious prosaic 
prayers and devotional meditations. 
 The two afore mentioned books are being analyzed from multiple viewpoints, such as 
history of spirituality, textological and regarding the characteristics of meditative literature. I 
included in my dissertation two larger text analyses. In the chapter dealing with prayer 
interpretation the notions of ars orandi and lectio divina are also approached from a rhetorical 
perspective. In another chapter the questions regarding the genre, are completed with aspects 
taken from the psychology of religion. Through the chosen works I depict the connection of 
perseverance, devotion and piety in a prayerful life.  
 Another part of my dissertation is about placing István Ecsedi Báthory and Lukács 
Pécsi according to cultural-history and literary history, as well as describing and analyzing the 
genres and compositions of Hungarian devotional literature of the 16–17th centuries. For 
example I explain what kind of methods for praying and meditating are provided by prayer 
books and other devotional writings. 
 I deal with the historical evolution of prayer and meditation practice of the Antiquity 
and the Middle Ages, being especially interested in Christian spiritual tradition. I’m also 
reflecting upon the relation of the history of genres between lectio divina, rumination-
                                                          
11 KLANICZAY 1985. 124–128. According to Tibor Klaniczay by the end of the 16th century a so called patrician 
new Stoicism emerged, in this period the effect of Iustus Lipsius and of the Stoic authors of antiquity became 
very significant. However we must take into consideration the standpoint of Keserű Bálint who draws attention 
that only after the death of István Ecsedi Báthoy– meaning at the beginning of the 17th century – became possible 
to talk about the actual presence of Stoic ideas. István Ceglédi and János Laskai are considered by Keserű two 
main representants of the protestant bourgeois during the late Humanism. Bálint Keserű assumes that even if 
(through the Mannerist János Rimay) Báthory was familiar with the Stoic ideas, its interconfessional aspect 
remained hidden before him simply because Báthory belonged to the reformed faith. .(KESERŰ, 1958, 45–49.) 
meditation, soliloquium-literature. Furthermore I’m preoccupied with common characteristics 
and links between prayer, psalm, ars orandi and lectio divina.  
 I analyze two Hungarian translations of pseudo-Augustinian Soliloquia regarding 
interconfessionality. 
 I provide an explanation of the notion devotio moderna from the perspective of the 
theory of meditation in the early modern age. The mentality of Christian Stoicism unfolds as I 
approach it from an ethical-religious and a contemporary devotional perspective. 
 I’m also concerned with the question: to what extent can we speak about a new Stoic 
philosophical trend in the late Renaissance Hungary.  
 
 
 
3. The literary historical and cultural-historical achievements of the thesis 
 
 
 In the two prayer books – analyzed by me – the philosophy of the notion constantia 
could be expressed through the linkage of devotional theological expressions and spirituality. 
Apart from the literary historical approach the writings in question are in overall devotional 
and serving the righteous spiritual life. The history of theology of the Latin perseverantia 
(perseverance) could provide a golden mean between the literary historical, Stoic 
interpretation of constantia and the contemporary devotional one based on God’s will. The 
notion of perseverance understood from a theological interpretation refers to the endurance 
practiced by a righteous man, who is living a graceful life.  
 During my research I wrote two longer chapters which contain text analyses about 
Lukács Pécsi’s and Ecsedi Báthory’s above mentioned works. In one of the chapters the 
following criteria were used to accomplish the analysis: what kind of phraseology was used in 
the prayers, to what extent was present both a repenting, meditative and also a contemplative 
aspect. The questions referring to the genre of prosaic prayer are backed up with criteria based 
on the psychology of theology. I choose fragments from the prayers in order to gain an outline 
of the renewal of the devotional prayer, a characteristic structure of spiritual writings and the 
main course of a devout life. Prayers can be distinguished maybe even categorized based on 
the manner in which they are told, written or said: ordinary prayer, prayer with my and heart, 
unceasing prayer, the latter could take closer to experiencing the divine. Considering the 
criteria mentioned above one can find an alloy of different types of meditations and prayers 
rather than one (or more) pure type. 
 In another chapter I attempt to figure out how the combination of prayers containing 
rhetorical devices, steps of lectio divina and the three spiritual abilities (memoria, 
intelligentia, voluntas) work in the analyzed religious texts. 
 Among other things I realize a comparative analysis of the Soliloquia-translations of 
Lukács Pécsi and János Erdődi, which reveals new insight on the interconfessional nature of 
the devotional literature. Considering the content there weren’t any differences to find in the 
two authors’ work whereas their style, way of expressing, the idioms used by them, even their 
orthography and spelling was distinct. One reason for the difference is that the books were not 
written in the same time; other factors (causing the differences) were: they lived in different 
regions of the country so dialect had an effect on their spelling and as for their style and 
notions, their way of seeing the world had been greatly influenced by their different religions. 
 I am concerned with devotio moderna and I strive to depict the role and importance of 
devotion in the early modern theory of meditation. I also give an overview of the Christian 
interpretation of the Stoic ethical and religious ideas by summing up De Constantia by Iustus 
Lipsius and other authors who wrote tractates on devotional subject. Furthermore I present the 
essence of Christian Seneca by Schellenberg and The Imitation of Christ by Thomas Kempis. 
 I attempt to identify the obstacles of devout life as presented in devotional works 
written on the turn of the 16-17th centuries. Among the analyzed books one will find Lukács 
Pécsi: Useful treatments to cure every illness of the spirit …, and Gáspár Debreczeni Szőr : 
Devout prayers … 
 


English

Meditáció és devóció.

Ecsedi Báthory István és Pécsi Lukács elmélkedő művének műfaji és lelkiségtörténeti megközelítése

Kurják, Zoltán

Biológiai anyagok vízleadási tulajdonságai mikrohullámú térben

Stingliné Biró, Timea

Gyökérgubacs-fonálférgek elleni vegyszermentes védekezés hajtatott paprikában

Komáromi, Judit

Lisztharmat-rezisztenciatípusok és a gazdanövény–kórokozó kapcsolat vizsgálata búzában

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