REAL-PhD

Kerekes, Andrea

Transzpozon alapú transzgenezissel létrehozott riportergén expresszió részletes vizsgálata nyúlban

Németh, Zoltán

 
 
 
 
 
SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
COMPLEX AND MAINPULATIVE ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL INNVESTIGATION OF 
WEED STANDS; THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN CLIMATE ELEMENTS ON 
ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 
 
Theses of doctoral (PhD) dissertation 
 
NÉMETH ZOLTÁN 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
Gödöllő 
2019 
 
 
 
  
1. Preliminary Experiments, Goals 
 
One of the main goals of international ecosystem research is recently to measure the cycles of 
key greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O and CH4) in different habitats. The European and national 
projects so far have focused on natural plant communities. However, such studies have not yet 
been carried out on weed species, although they are an inevitable part of agro-ecosystems and 
affect the production of cultivated plants. As one of the potential winners of climate change is 
the growing importance of weed species. Surprisingly, the greenhouse gas fluxes of weeds are 
hardly investigated, although they can affect the carbon balance of a given area due to their 
widespread distribution and continuous penetration. The ecological characteristics of many weed 
species have been well revealed, but their ecophysiological conditions, especially at the stand 
level, have hardly been studied. This work is basically a new approach at international and 
domestic level in the research on weeds. So far, such complex studies (parallel stand-level CO2 
flux measurements, phenological and production investigations) involving multiple weed species 
- including manipulative experiments – haven’t been carried out on weed species. By studying 
weed taxa with different physiognomy, taxa belonging to different plant functional groups, 
archeophytes and neofphytes, we can learn about the supraindividual physiological diversity of 
their stands and the synphysiological function weed communities they dominate. The main 
objective of my research was the comparative eco-physiological, synphenetical and production 
biology examination of five in Middle Europe well spread weed species, Amaranthus 
retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Artemisia vulgaris, Chenopodium album, and Sorghum 
halepense at stand level. By selecting theese plant species, I took into account that both 
archaeophytons and neofitons, the different plant functional groups (C3, C4; therophytes, 
cryptophytes), as well as different plant families were represented. In addition to indigenous 
weeds, the study also includes species that are capable of biological invasion and, through their 
increasing proliferation, may be one of the most significant threats to biodiversity. Not only the 
invasive but also the indigenous weed species have an important nature conservation role in the 
distressed areas. The entire vegetation cycle covering study the of the selected weed species took 
place at the Botanical Garden of Szent István University in Gödöllő, with 27 plots in random 
block arrangement. As a result of global warming, changes in the frequency or intensity of 
extreme climatic events on a regional scale play an important role in the impact of the climate 
system on ecological and social systems. Thus, the modifications that can be traced in 
climatological extremes fundamentally determine the adaptability of these systems (BARTHOLY 
& PONGRÁCZ 2005). To investigate the effects of the extreme climate years predicted for the 
Carpathian Basin, I have also carried out manipulative experiments with Amaranthus retroflexus 
(C4) and Chenopodium album (C3). From these weed species representing different plant 
functional groups, in addition to the control strains, partially precipitatin excluded, and irrigated 
plots were created in each of 3 to 3 repetitions per taxon and treatment. Changes in precipitation 
associated with climate change affect the adaptability of invasive species, and thus their impact 
on native species, which underlines the importance of manipulative experiments. 
 
2. Materil and Methods 
 
In the Botanical Garden of Szent Isván University Gödöllő monodominant plots (1m x 1m) were 
created of the five selected species (Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Artemisia 
vulgaris, Chenopodium album, Sorghum halepense), in 3-3 replicates to investigate the species-
specific characteristics. 
With Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexis manipulative experiments were also 
carried ou, to which I created partial precipitation excluded (complete precipitation exclusio 
every second weeks) and irrigated (5mm a week). 
Phenological sampling was done weekly. The number of new germs appearing, the current 
phenophase (appearance of flowers, yield), the maximum and average height of the stocks were 
recorded. 
Biomass was measured on a weekly basis at individual level, and stocking at the end of the 
vegetation period. 
The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a, -b and carotenoids) were determined by the method 
of LICHTENTHALER (1987). I took samples of the examined plant species and their different 
treatment spots at the time of full development. 
Soil CO2 flux (Reco) was measured weekly using a LiCor-6400 (Lincoln, Nebrasca, USA) 
portable infrared gas analyzer with so called "Closed chamber method", with 3-3 repetitions per 
species and treatment, with additional soil temperature measurement. 
The stand-level carbon dioxide gas exchange (NEE) is measured using a CIRAS-2 infrared gas 
analyzer (PP Systems, Hitchin, UK). I used the "open-chamber" technique on a weekly or bi-
weekly basis, with transparent, clear, clear (60 cm diameter) plexiglas, corresponding to the 
current height of the files. 
N2O and CH4 measurements were done on a two-week basis with closed chamber technique. 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Results 
 
The weed species are characterized by a similar growth curve or change in sowing rate 
(sigmoid), irrespective of whether they belonged to different plant function types and 
taxonomical groups. Preliminary and ex situ germination showed that among the examined taxa, 
Ambrosia's germination rate is the lowest that the plant is likely to compensate for higher seed 
yields. 
The C4 species sprouted several weeks later than the white Chenopodium album and Atemisia 
vulgaris, which can be explained by the higher germination temperature demand. In the majority 
of species, I have experienced earlier flowering, which is due to the lack of favorable rainfall and 
late spring frosts. The earlier than expected flowering was even more pronounced in the 
vegetative flocks. 
The investigated species achieved very significant production without exception, which is 
several times higher than the values of Hungarian herbaceous vegetation (eg grasslands) found in 
the literature. On the one hand, this can be explained by the favorable precipitation level, on the 
other hand, by the high CO2 fixation lasting for several months. The above ground biomass of 
the examined C3 taxa was - in most cases significantly- higher than the C4 species’, which can be 
explained mainly by their different physiognomy. 
In the fully developed stage, the dominance of chlorophyll-a was not general, as the 
chlorophyll-b content was the highest for the two taxa representing the Asteraceae family. The 
measured pigments were in a wide range for the five species. It seems that the nearly balanced 
chlorophyll-a/b ratio resulted higer level of CO2 fixation. The proportion of carotenoids and 
xanthophylls was higher in the partially precipitation excluded stands, which can be explained by 
the protective effect of these pigments. 
The seasonal dynamics of soil respiration and CO2 uptake were both represented by bell-
curve in each species, but no statistically significant difference could be detected in the whole 
cycle. The low values measured in the plant-free control plots showed that the root respiration of 
the examined weeds and the effect of the microclimate formed by the cover can be decisive for 
the carbon balance of an area. 
The stands of all five weeds had reasonable CO2 fixation, which was maintained for several 
months despite the rising Reco values and the drought in August. The maximal CO2 fixation of 
the stands of the examined taxa reached several times higher values than other of grass types that 
have been measured by chamber technique in Hungary. 
As a result of the manipulation experiments, I found that the number of plants, the average 
height of the shoots, the NDVI values, the total pigment content, the mean NEE and the biomass 
values were related to the precipitation conditions in both species. The effect of different 
precipitation conditions also influenced the phenological phaze of the manipulated stands. As a 
result of irrigation, Amaranthus retroflexus shifted its flowering and harvesting dates two weeks 
later. There was an oposit trend observable in the stands of the C3 species. The flowers occured 
later in the partialy precipitation excluded plots compared to control stands and yilding started 
about one month later as well. The Reco value of Amaranthus decreased on average by 27% and 
by 12% of Chenopodium due to partial precipitation exclsion in 2008. Irrigation increased the 
Reco by 19% in the Amaranthus and 23% in the Chenopodium stands throughout the first 
vegetation periode. In the partially precipitation excluded Amaranthus retroflexus plots, based on 
the of our periodic measurements average values, the rate of CO2 fixation decreased by nearly 
half (47.5%). In contrast, the average CO2 uptake of irrigated stands were more than 1.6 times 
(161%) higher as the average value of the control stock. The average NEE values of the 
manipulated stands of the C3 taxon did not reflect the different water regimes. The average CO2 
fixation of the reduced water stands was less than 10%  lower than the untreated type, while the 
irrigated stock exceeded the average NEE of the control by 13%. The impact of manipulation on 
biomass, like CO2 flux, was more pronounced in Amaranthus stands, where the rate of 
production change was almost fully harmonized with precipitation differences. Precipitation 
exclusion in the Amaranthus retroflexus stands resulted in a 53.5% decrease in biomass and 
46.6% in the Chenopodium. As a result of irrigation, the amount of total biomass increased by 
51% for Amaranthus and 29.3% for Chenopodium. 
In 2009, the average biomass production of all 5 taxa fell significantly short of the values 
measured in 2008, due to the much lower rainfall supply compared to the previous year. In the 
case of C3 species this difference was significant (P <0.05). The decline was also significant for 
C4 species, as Sorghum halepense and Amaranthus retroflexus reached only about half of the 
biomass production compared to the previous year. 
The CH4 and N2O fluxes of the examined weed species did not show significant differences 
from other domestic vegetation (grasslands and wetlands) despite the different environmental 
conditions and biomass production. There were no clear and significant differences between the 
functional groups. 
 
 
 
3. New Scientific Results 
 
 The investigated species in monodominant flocks achieved a very significant production 
without exception, which is several times higher than the values of Hungarian herbaceous 
vegetation (eg. grasslands) found in the literature. 
 Each of the five investigated taxa had a reasonable CO2 fixation during the vegetation 
period. The maximum CO2 fixation of the stands of the examined species is several times 
higher than the maximum limit values measured in other Hungarian grassland types.. 
 The order of carbon fixation of each species did not reflect the biomass of the stands. 
 There was no significant difference between the 5 examined weed species and the C4 and 
C3 taxa examining the light dependence of NEE. 
 Surprisingly, the C3 Chenopodium album's NEE values were less affected by lesser 
rainfall than C4 Amaranthus retroflexus’s CO2 capture. 
 The CO2 fixation of the stands, depending on the air temperature, showed a bell curve 
character. There is no clear difference between C4 and C3. 
 Despite the different environmental conditions and biomass production, the CH4 and N2O 
fluxes of the examined weed species did not show significant differences from other 
domestic vegetation (grasslands and wetlands).  
 There are no significant differences between methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in each 
functional group. 
 Low Reco values measured in plant-free control spot showed how decisive the impact of 
the root weeds of the weeds and the microclimate of the cover on the carbon balance of 
an area. 
 
4. Findings and Suggestions 
 
Although the chosen species represented different functional groups, and had different shoot 
number and biomass, they were characterized by very similar dynamics regarding more 
parameters (stand height, shoot number, NDVI values, soil respiration and stand level CO2 
fixation). All the investigated taxa had a remarkable production, which was multiple times higher 
than the herbaceous plants in Hungary (for example grasses). It can be the result of the favorable 
water regimes and the elongated period of high CO2 fixation. This intensive carbon dioxide 
fixation can be the key to the success of this plant group. Methane and dinitrogen-oxid fluxes 
had a bigger range in 2008 which year was a more balanced regarding the precipitation, signing 
their correlation with draught. 
Regarding the manipulative experiments I have found remarkable even significant (for example 
biomass, shoot number) difference to the control plots about more parameters. The differences 
among the treatments started already during the germination, but got stronger during the dryer 
periods. The arid summer had stressed the stands at different level which was well measurable 
by the soil respiration and CO2 flux variability. The manipulative experiments showed that there 
was a correlation between the precipitation level and shoot number, mean height of the plants, 
NDVI values, pigment content, mean NEE and biomass values at the total development phase. 
These results are not only basic research like but can be used at synphenetical and 
synphysiological characterization or modeling of plant communities with similar dynamics. 
Furthermore the deeper knowledge of weed ecophysiology can allow developing new plant 
protection methods for the benefit of the economy and public health. 
 
 
5. Publications relelant to the topic of the dissertation 
 
International reviewed scientific journal articles with impact factor: 
Németh Z., Skutai J., Pósa P., Szirmai O., Czóbel Sz. (2017): Stand level CO2 flux examination 
of weed species with different origin and functional groups. Applied Ecology & Environmental 
Research 15 (4): 217-226.  
Czóbel Sz., Németh Z., Szirmai O., Gyuricza Cs., Tóth A., Házi J., Vikár D., Penksza K. (2013): 
Short-term effects of extensive fertilization on community composition and carbon uptake in a 
Pannonian loess grassland. Photosynthetica 51: 490-496. IF: 0,862 
DOI: 10.1007/s11099-013-0052-z 
Czóbel Sz., Szirmai O., Németh Z., Gyuricza Cs., Házi J., Tóth A., Schellemberger J., Vasa L., 
Penksza K. (2012): Short-term effects of grazing exclusion on net ecosystem CO2 exchange and 
net primary production in a Pannonian sandy grassland. Notulae Bot Horti Agrobo (Notulae 
Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca) 40: 67-72. 
Czóbel Sz., Horváth L., Szirmai O., Balogh J., Pintér K., Németh Z., Ürmös Zs., Grosz B., Tuba 
Z. (2010): Comparison of N2O and CH4 fluxes from Pannonian natural ecosystems. European 
Journal of Soil Science 61: 671-682. 
 
 
SCI-registered, Hungarian peer-reviewed periodicals: 
Németh Z., Falvai D., Szirmai O., Czóbel Sz. (2017): Archeofiton és neofiton gyomfajok 
fitomassza vizsgálata. Tájökológiai Lapok 15: 21-29.  
Czóbel Sz., Tuba Z., Szirmai O., Németh Z., Nagy J., Szerdahelyi T., Péli E., Balogh J., 
Nagygyörgy E.D., Varga E., Valkó D. (2009): Különböző ökoszisztémák állományszintű, 
kamrás CO2-fluxus méréseinek sajátosságai. Botanikai Közlemények 96: .13-14. 
Németh Z., Czóbel Sz., Nagygyörgy E. D., Varga E., Szirmai O., Péli E. R. (2008): Erdei 
geofitonok ökológiai vizsgálata, valamint szerepük a magyarországi szénmérlegben. Kitaibelia 
13: 122. 
 
International conference publications: 
Németh Z., Vikár D., Penksza K., Czóbel Sz. (2012): Drought and wetness effect on production 
of weed taxa. p. 123. In: Willner W. (ed.) Book of Abstracts of the 21
th
 International Workshop 
of European Vegetation Survey, Vienna, Austria, 24-27 May 2012. 165 p.  
Németh Z., Vikár D., Penksza K., Czóbel Sz. (2012): The tolerance on draught stress in 
Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus stands considering ecophysiological 
parameters. p. 38. In: Touraev A., Schubert S., Rennenberg H. (eds.): Programme and Abstracts, 
International Conference Plant Growth, Nutrition & Environment Interactions, Vienna, Austria, 
18-21 February 2012. 119 p. 
Németh Z., Pap K., Szirmai O., Czóbel Sz. (2011): Differences in evapotranspiration 
characteristics in common weed species. Növénytermelés 60: 341-344. /In: Harcsa M. (ed.) 
Proceedings of the 10
th
 Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop, Opatija, Croatia, 14-18 March 2011. 
464 p./ 
Németh Z., Czóbel Sz., Németh Cs., Pásztor-Huszár K. (2010): Resilience in C3 and C4 weed 
stands, in response to different water regimes. Növénytermelés 59.: 461-464. In: Harcsa M. (ed.) 
Proceedings of the 9
th
 Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop, Špičák, Czech Republic, 12-17 April 
2010. 636 p./ 
Németh Z., Czóbel Sz. (2010): Ecological indicators vs. manipulation, an ex situ case study on 
selected weed taxa. p. 135. In: Botta-Dukát Z. & Salamon-Albert É. (eds.) Book of Abstracts of 
the 19
th
 International Workshop of European Vegetation Survey, Pécs, Hungary, 29 April – 2 
May 2010. 144 p.  
Németh Z., Czóbel Sz. (2009): Comperative ecophysiological study of a C3 and C4 weed stands 
considering the climate change. In: Proceedings of the 8
th
 International Carbon Dioxide 
Conference, Jena, Germany, September 2009. p.  
 
Hungarian conference publications: 
Czóbel Sz., Huszti E., Pap K., Szirmai O., Pándi I., Németh Z., Vikár D., Penksza K. (2011): 
Védett nyílt és zárt homoki gyeptársulások magszórással és monolit áttelepítéssel végzett ex situ 
rekonstrukciójának első eredményei. p. 68 In: Lengyel Sz., Varga K., Kosztyi B. (eds.): VII. 
Magyar Természetvédelmi Biológiai Konferencia, Előadások és poszterek összefoglalói. 
Debrecen, 2011. november 3-6., 197 p. 
Németh Z., Penksza K., Czóbel Sz. (2011): Neofiton és archeofiton gyomfajok csírázási 
karakterisztikája. 161-165. pp. In: Magyar Biológiai Társaság (ed.): VII. Kárpát-medencei 
Biológiai Szimpózium, Előadások és poszterek összefoglalói. Budapest, 2011. október 13-14.  
Czóbel Sz., Szirmai O., Nagy J., Szerdahelyi T., Cserhalmi D., Balogh J., Valkó D., Németh Z., 
Tuba Z. (2009): Hínárfajok dominálta növényközösségek szén-dioxid fluxusainak összehasonlító 
vizsgálata. p. 40 In: Körmöczi L. (ed.): 8. Magyar Ökológus Kongresszus, Előadások és 
poszterek összefoglalói. Szeged, 2009. augusztus 26-28., 248 p 
 


Gyomállományok komplex ökofiziológiai vizsgálata; az egyes klímaelemek hatása az ökofiziológiai paraméterekre

Dudás, Péter

Mulcsozott és mulcsozatlan burgonyaparcellák futóbogár-(Carabidae), százlábú-(Chilopoda), valamint talajlakó kártevő- és mikroízeltlábú-együtteseinek összehasonlító vizsgála

László, Virgil

1 
 
Abstract 
 
 In everyday church life a confounding of the teachings of the New 
Testament related to the God-sonship of the Christian believers can be perceived 
frequently. The need to clarify this question raised the motivation to carry out 
this scrutiny. 
 As a starting point, the elements of the teaching of the Old Testament 
about the fatherhood of God were enumerated. Israel as a child is the carrier of 
God-sonship based on the election and calling of the Lord. In relation to the 
God-sonship of the anointed king the impact of the contemporary “man-vassal” 
language can be supposed with high probability. The widow and the orphan are 
in a special life situation in which their opportunities are narrowed, thus, they 
can rely on God alone, who is their father therefore. The group of the “sons of 
God” can be identified with the members of the heavenly court. The conclusion 
can be reached about the Old Testament that except for the anointed king, the 
idea of God-sonship applied to individuals is not present yet, but only regarding 
collective groups. 
 This process of individualization begins in the deuterocanonical literature, 
but in the same time the conventional people-related fatherhood is also 
continuing to exist. In the pseudepigraphical Book of 1 Enoch the tendency 
becomes definite that “the saint and the just” belong to the category of God’s 
sons. In the Qumran material appears the addressing of God as “My Father”, at 
least in narrated texts. This provides a refutation of the thesis of Joachim 
JEREMIAS, according to whom this phenomenon did not appear before Jesus. At 
Philo of Alexandria numerous forms of God’s fatherhood appears which was not 
known in Jewish literature before. One of the chief results of this present 
research, meant to be a scientific novelty, is the proposal to take into 
consideration Spec. leg. 1.317-318 as a contemporary parallel text in the 
interpretation of Mt 23:9. At Josephus Flavius the emphasized idea is the 
2 
 
universal fatherhood of God. It is very interesting that this functions as an 
argument against suicide. An outlook on the targums, the literature of rabbinic 
Judaism and the Kabbalistic tradition ends the sketchy enumeration of the 
Jewish literature outside of the Palestinian canon. 
 The model of adoption, which characterizes the theological thinking of 
Paul the is taken into consideration first from the New Testament. The 
etymological and possible cultural background of the specifically Pauline 
terminus technicus, the ui`oqesi,a is taken under scrutiny. Jewish and (Greco-
)Roman possibilities emerged in this context. Researchers putting emphasis only 
on the Jewish roots were introduced. Two of them were highlighted who each 
dedicated a monograph to this question. SCOTT argued on behalf of the 
extension of the God-sonship of the anointed king in 2 Sam 7:14, while BYRNE 
on behalf of the Pauline expanding of the sonship of Israel as people. From 
those assuming rather Roman background - who seem to form the majority of 
scholars-, the thoughts of BURKE and CORLEY are highlighted among others. 
Presenting the Roman law-institution of adoption in a detailed manner serves the 
goal of equipping the reader with the associative background which a 
hellenized/romanized Christian contemporary to Paul supposedly may have 
possessed when reading the epistles of the apostle. Based on Udo SCHNELLE’S 
opinion, the abandonment of the forcing of “either-or” exegesis is 
recommended. 
 From the related Pauline texts in the most detailed way the letter to the 
Galatians is examined. To shed light on the historical background of the specific 
situation of the original readers is important since the apostle reflects and reacts 
on this. Paul considers as a regression to an obsolete phase of salvation history 
to take on the yoke of Mosaic law by getting circumcised by the Gentile 
Christian Galatians. Moreover, in his view, this is a trampling on the gospel 
preached by him. The promise given to Abraham has not lost its validity because 
of the intervention of the Mosaic law and it was fulfilled in Christ. This way 
3 
 
both the Jewish Christian and the Gentile Christian form one family and are 
adopted sons of God. In Gal 3:27 the picture of baptism come up, and also an 
excursus to Tit 3:5 seems to be relevant dealing with rebirth and baptism, as 
well. Regarding Romans 8 the role of the Law and the Spirit is mapped in 
relation to adopted sonship, mentioning also the Pauline eschatological tension, 
and the possible understanding of the notion prwto,tokoj. The dissertation 
contains the full text of the only extant whole Greek adoption contract. Based on 
this document and the wording of Psalm 89 the conclusion is deducted that 
prwto,tokoj does not necessary mean a first-born person in a literal sense. In 
case of Rom 9:4, Paul’s re-interpreted Israel-notion is scrutinized coming to the 
result that the apostle’s thinking is not supersessionist but rather continuing and 
incorporative. In Eph 1:5 the ideology of Rom 8 returns but in this locus a 
bigger emphasis is put on the first member of the eschatological binary code, the 
“already”. Two non-ui`oqesi,a God-sonship texts are also examined. While there 
is a paraphrase-like reference to the God-sonship of Israel in Fil 2:15, in 2 Cor 
6,18 the same happens in relation to the anointed king referring to 2 Sam 7:14. 
The image of child-bearing and birth also appears by the apostle, but not 
between God and the human beings but himself and his spiritual children. 
Finally, the Letter to the Hebrews is treated briefly, as well, since regarding the 
way of becoming the sons of God it is the closest to the adoption-model.  
 The model of bearing/engendering is specific to the Johannine theology. 
The existence of the so-called Johannine anti-language is stated. The approach 
chosen in this chapter is not the analysis of all relevant Bible texts one after each 
other but the examination of key-expressions of the Johannine language-
universe related to the God-sonship and through these that of the most important 
loci. Based on this, the statement can be done that the te,kna qeou designation is 
the reflection of the self-understanding of the Johannine community. The 
double-meaning of the verb genna,w is clarified, arguing that related to God’s 
activity from the acts of childbearing or engendering the latter one is the more 
4 
 
probable. Similarly, the second one is opted for in case of the word a;nwqen when 
raising the dilemma between “anew” and “from above.” Regarding the evk –
preposition TRUMBOWER’S “fixed origin”-theory is analyzed and rejected. A 
consequence of 1 Jn based on János BOLYKI can be phrased as the following: In 
that person whose engenderer was God, God’s spiritual engendering force 
remains, as the act of engendering is in a continuing effect and determines the 
existence of the engendered being. The exegetical problems of translating the 
word monogenh,j (only-begotten) correctly are also taken into account. The 
reasons leading to the distortion of its meaning are enumerated. A passage from 
1 Pt also talks about rebirth which is treated here.  
 The Matthean sonship-interpretation is titled as the behaviorist model. 
The fatherhood-image here is exclusive and relational. The adjective “heavenly” 
related to this is also scrutinized. A serious attention is paid to its 
complementary, the rejection of earthly fatherhood. While the traits of the 
heavenly Father are positive for the disciple, earthly fathers expressis verbis 
only appear in negative roles in Matthew’s gospel. The second novelty of this 
thesis is raised at his point related to the proper meaning of Mt 2:22. Both 
Archelaus and Herod Antipas are sons of Herod the Great, but Archelaus 
resembles in cruelty supposedly much more his father than the other son. The 
negative tone regarding earthly fathers is consequently traced through examples 
from the whole gospel. At Mt 23:9 a very sharp critique is addressed to the 
majority point of view, and the necessity of taking into consideration the above-
mentioned Philo-text is emphasized again. A radical interpretation of 
discipleship and non-discipleship is stated trying to find the real division-line 
within the personal sphere of the ethics of following Jesus. 
PATTARUMADATHIL’S thesis is presented about discipleship as a process of 
becoming children of God. The hardships in interpreting dikaiosu,nh in 
Matthew’s gospel is also delineated. The preferred understanding of it briefly 
put is fulfilling the will of God. The dikaiosu,nh-passages are examined each by 
5 
 
each, also criticizing the different scholarly approaches to them. The teaching 
regarding the fatherhood of God in and outside the Sermon on the Mount is 
scrutinized. The sonship has strong connections to the practicing of dikaiosu,nh. 
After analyzing the Lord’s prayer the relationship of Christ’s sonship to the 
Christian believers’ is also taken into consideration. In summary, the appearance 
of the Father’s traits on the disciples will be the entrée of the fulfillment of their 
being in the state of God-sonship in their Father’s kingdom.  
 Luke 20:34-36 gives the basis for funding a fourth model of God-sonship, 
which is connected to the resurrection. Partaking in the latter constitutes God-
sonship according to this Lukan approach.  
 Finally, a fifth model is also raised, which one is in a certain sense a 
“cocoon in the nest”, since it is about the universal fatherhood of God. Its 
exceptionality is due to the fact that this is not specifically Christian, but is 
related to all people. 
 After the diachronic approaches finally a chapter is dedicated to the 
synchronic adaptation of cognitive metaphor-theory.to the theme of God-
sonship. A synoptic view of the whole problem can be reached this way.  
 These five models ought not be mingled or mixed. Each of them receives 
its place in the Holy Scripture by its own right. Forming synthesis among them 
should not be a goal either. Each of them sheds a unique light on specific aspects 
of the God-human relationship ungraspable by the tools of human language. 
 


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Bogyós gyümölcsök levének besűrítése kíméletes, membrán szeparációs eljárással = Berry juice concentration with mild membrane separation technology

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Heterociklusos ferrocénszármazékok előállítása és vizsgálata = Synthesis and examination of heterocyclic ferrocene derivatives

Tanos, Péter

A Tisza vízrendszerét leíró fizikai, kémiai és biológiai adatsorok vizsgálata többváltozós és idősoros adatelemző módszerekkel = Application of multivariate- and time series analysis methods on the water quality data sets of the water system of the river Tisza

Zsiborács, Henrik

Hűtött napelemek alkalmazásának műszaki-ökonómiai vizsgálata = Technical-economic study of cooled solar modules

Téglásiné Kovács, Júlia

Az élelemhez való jog társadalmi igénye és alkotmányjogi dogmatikája

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