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The Comparative Effects of Maltodextrin and Carrageenan on Encapsulation Characteristics of Moringa Leaves Herbal Drink Extract (
No full textMoringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) leaves are a potential herbal beverage ingredient due to the bioactive compounds that show antioxidant properties. To protect the compounds, encapsulation has been proven effective as a suitable method. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of different ratios of maltodextrin and carrageenan as encapsulating agents on the physicochemical characteristics of encapsulated Moringa leaves herbal drink extract. Analysis was also carried out to determine the optimal ratio for producing high-quality encapsulates. The experiment used a randomized block design with 9 treatments of maltodextrin (M) and carrageenan ratio, comprising MK0 (10:0), MK1 (9.5:0.5), MK2 (9:1), MK3 (8.5:1.5), MK4 (8:2), MK5 (7:3), MK6 (6:4), MK7 (5:5), and MK8 (0:10). The results showed that maltodextrin-carrageenan ratio significantly influenced yield, solubility, color (L*, a*, b*), antioxidant activity (IC50), and sensory scores (color, aroma, taste, acceptability), while moisture content was not affected. The optimal ratio was 9:1 (MK2), with 95.95% yield, 4.24% moisture, 87.76% solubility, L* 77.95, a* 1.43, b* 22.25, IC50 69.24 ppm, and good sensory attributes. Microstructural analysis showed heterogeneous shapes and sizes, 5–90 μm in length and 2–53 μm in width. This ratio effectively produced encapsulated Moringa extract with desirable characteristics
Towards Carotene-Retentive and Low-FFA Palm Oil: Evaluating Process Variables in Hybrid Acid-Enzymatic Degumming
No full textThe hybrid acid-enzymatic (HAE) degumming is an alternative method that offers a solution by reducing free fatty acid (FFA) formation and enhancing phospholipid removal. This study aims to assess the effect of HAE operating conditions on carotene content and FFA through complete randomized desiisn (CRD). The variation of operating conditions included temperature (55, 75, 95, and 115°C), phosphoric acid concentration (1.3, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.7%v/v) and lipase enzyme concentration (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%v/v). The hybrid acid-enzymatic (HAE) degumming is an alternative method that offers a solution The results showed that increasing the temperature caused a decrease in carotene content 454.958 ppm and FFA content 0.723%. On increasing phosphoric acid in degumming, there was decreasing in carotene content to 453.855 ppm though FFA content was increased at 1.044%. The carotene degradation was minimal at 453.462 ppm, and the FFA content was also reduced to 0,5%. The kinetic studies revealed that β-carotene degradation and FFA removal during HAE degumming follow first-order kinetics. β-carotene demonstrated higher temperature sensitivity (Ea 19.6 kJ/mol) compared to FFA (Ea 12.0 kJ/mol), indicating that carotene stability is key factor of process optimization. Future research should focus on optimizing the HAE process through kinetic and thermodynamic analysis to enhance carotene retention while minimizing FFA
Phase behaviours, spectroscopic, and DFT analysis of a complementary hydrogen bond liquid crystal complex with enhanced NLO properties
No full textHydrogen bond liquid crystal (HBLC) complex is obtained from 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid (PTA; non-mesogen) and 4-(Heptyloxy)benzoic acid (7OBA; mesogen) through a complementary hydrogen bond (H-bond) interaction method. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis is performed to examine the thermal behaviour of PTA + 7OBA (1:3 molar ratio) HBLC complex, and the polarized optical microscopic technique is employed to investigate the induced mesogenic textures. The sequence of phase transitions observed during the endothermic and exothermic cycles are crystal (Cry.) ↔ Smectic F (Sm F) ↔ Smectic C (Sm C) ↔ Nematic (N) ↔ Isotropic (I), exhibiting weakly first-order transitions. The complementary H-bond interaction is validated via FTIR analysis, as evidenced by the observation of bathochromic shift in the hydroxyl (O–H) and carbonyl (C=O) functional groups. UV–visible spectroscopic analysis reveals the complex’s optical transparency throughout the visible region, along with an optical band gap energy of 4.22 eV. In addition, theoretical calculations (based on density functional theory) are used to establish the framework of the PTA + 7OBA complex based on its energy-minimized molecular geometry, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and molecular electrostatic potential studies. Subsequently, the different molecular interactions such as H-bonding, van der Waals and steric effect are analysed using interaction region indicator analysis. Further, the independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH) analysis is used to examine the weak noncovalent interactions (δginter) in the HBLC complex. Observed NLO properties of the HBLC are higher than those of the standard reference urea, signifying its potential efficacy in NLO-based photonic applications
Confinement-driven acceleration of first-passage rates
No full textWe demonstrate that confinement geometry can optimally accelerate first-passage rates beyond free diffusion in passive stochastic processes. Introducing generalized confinement model based on the Fick-Jacobs approach and simulations, we find nonmonotonic mean first-passage rates driven by confinement geometry and curvature. Through the transmission probability, our findings highlight how confinement optimizes transport dynamics in trap-and-escape processes, with implications for molecular translocation and reaction kinetics in soft matter and biological systems
Influences of
No full textThis investigation analyzes the angular distributions (ADs) for the 7Li + 138Ba elastic scattering system across laboratory energies of 21–32 MeV using multiple nuclear potential approaches. Several computational methods were applied to assess the relative impacts of 7Li breakup and neutron transfer processes, particularly examining how the 138Ba(7Li,6Li)139Ba stripping reaction affects the elastic scattering channel. Our calculations demonstrate that 7Li breakup dominates over neutron transfer contributions in this system. Volume integrals for the real and imaginary potentials near the Coulomb barrier yield evidence for the existence of a breakup threshold anomaly
Nonsinglet distribution functions using the neural network and genetic algorithm
No full textWe examine the nonsinglet distribution functions using neural networks and genetic algorithms at the initial scale . Evaluation of the distribution functions by the DGLAP equation can illuminate the nonsinglet distributions in a wide range of x and at the leading-order up to higher-order approximations. These results based on the neural networks and genetic algorithm are in good agreement with the CT18, MMHT14, MSHT20 and NNPDF4.0 parameterization groups
The
No full textSystematic comparisons across theoretical predictions for the properties of dense matter, nuclear physics data, and astrophysical observations (also called meta-analyses) are performed. Existing predictions for symmetric nuclear and neutron matter properties are considered, and they are shown in this paper as an illustration of the present knowledge. Asymmetric matter is constructed assuming the isospin asymmetry quadratic approximation. It is employed to predict the pressure at twice saturation energy-density based only on nuclear-physics constraints, and we find it compatible with the one from the gravitational-wave community. To make our meta-analysis transparent, updated in the future, and to publicly share our results, the Python toolkit nucleardatap
release note
No full textWe document the three main new features in the v2 release series of the hoppe
A simplex lattice design for optimization of sustainable active and intelligent packaging based on gelatin films incorporated with
No full textDue to its biodegradability, edibility, transparency, film-forming properties, and excellent oxygen barrier capabilities, gelatin is a biopolymer with significant potential for use in biodegradable films. However, gelatin's high solubility in water and inadequate gas barrier properties limit its use in extensive food packaging. Incorporating anthocyanins extracted from Hibiscus x archeri Wats (HAE) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) into gelatin films is expected to improve mechanical properties, the water vapor barrier, and antibacterial activity. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal formulation for biodegradable films composed of gelatin, HAE, and ZnO-NPs. An experimental approach using a Simplex Lattice Design was employed, with a total of eight trials conducted, each with two varying levels of ZnO-NPs and HAE. The experimental and dependent variables included tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor transmission rate, and antibacterial activity. The results demonstrated good compatibility between gelatin, HAE, and ZnO-NPs. Incorporating HAE and ZnO-NPs improved the tensile strength and increased the elongation at break of the gelatin films. HAE and ZnO-NPs also influenced the WVTR and exhibited antimicrobial activity against A. hydrophila. The optimization results were validated, confirming that the formulation with 0.414 g HAE and 0.286 g of ZnO-NPs is optimal for producing multifunctional, eco-friendly, smart films for active food packaging