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Comprehensive analysis of phytochemical, vitamin, antioxidant, proximate, and mineral profiles of Ipomoea batatas methanolic leave extract
Get PDFThe phytochemicals, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and proximate composition of methanolic leaves extract of sweet potato Ipomoea batatas cultivated in Sheda Science and Technology Complex (Shestco) staff quarters, Abuja were examined through established analytical techniques. The free radical scavenging method with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The analysis for phytochemicals showed that the methanolic leaves extract contain alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins. The proximate analysis results revealed ash contents (10.30%), fat (3.61%), fiber (11.55%), protein (12.40%), carbohydrates (50.71%), and caloric value (284.93 Kcal/100 g). The mineral content included potassium (4344.27 mg/100 g), sodium (53.31 mg/100 g), calcium (550.09 mg/100 g), magnesium (259.38 mg/100 g), copper (7.08 mg/100 g), zinc (9.14 mg/100 g), iron (44.79 mg/100 g), lead (0.08 mg/100 g), phosphorus (563.4 mg/100 g), chromium (2.65 mg/100 g), and manganese (14.63 mg/100 g). The results also indicated that the methanolic leaves extract contains different vitamins, with vitamin C having the highest amount of 28.52 mg/100 g and vitamin B1 showed lowest of 1.06 mg/100 g. The I. batatas leaves' phytochemical showed 89.21% capacity to neutralize and prevent free radicals and reactive oxygen species through the DPPH test at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. The findings showed that the methanolic extract of I. batatas leaves is reach with vital nutrients and a wide range of secondary metabolites, indicating its potential for medicinal purposes and development as therapeutic agents.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1456936
Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Campylobacter species from pig and cattle samples in Ibadan, Nigeria
Get PDFCampylobacter species are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide with incidence cases higher than those caused by Salmonella. This study was designed to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence genes detection in selected Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) strains of Campylobacter species isolated from pigs and cattle dungs. Stool samples were collected from pigs and cattle at the teaching and research farm of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Isolation and identification of Campylobacter species were made using modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar and standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out using the disk diffusion technique. The hipO and cadF virulence genes were detected using a multiplex-polymerase chain reaction. The occurrence of Campylobacter species in pigs and cattle was 90.0% and 95.0%, respectively. In pigs, C. coli had the highest occurrence, while it was C. jejuni in cattle. The antibiotic resistance patterns showed that 1.3% and 1.2% of the isolates from pigs and cattle, respectively were resistant to all the antibiotics tested. Among the selected MDR strains, cadF genes were detected in 76.5% (pigs) and 75.0% (cattle). However, hipO genes were detected in 11.8% (pigs) and 50.0% (cattle) isolates. The cadF gene was detected in all the Campylobacter species, while hipO gene was detected only in C. jejuni. In conclusion, the pigs and cattle faecal wastes harbored virulent and multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species. Hence, the indiscriminate discharge of untreated animal faecal wastes into the environment and water bodies should be discouraged.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1090957
Toxic effects of cadmium on liver biomarkers in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus): protective effects of jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extracts
Get PDFThe present study investigated the alternation in liver function parameters such as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), bilirubin (Bil), albumin (Alb), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of cadmium exposed Wistar rats. The study also evaluated the possible ameliorative effects of jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extracts on liver biomarkers in rat treated with cadmium. Six groups of Wistar rats were treated as Group A: Control; Group B: cadmium (10 mg/kg b wt.); Group C: cadmium (10 mg/kg b wt.) and jamun seed extract (200mg/kg b wt.); Group D: cadmium (10 mg/kg b wt.) and orange peel extract (200 mg/kg b wt.); Group E: orange peel extract (OPE) (200 mg/kg b wt.) and Group F: jamun seed extract (JSE) (200 mg/kg b wt.). Liver biomarkers were estimated on day 7 and day 14. Serum SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin, ALP, and LDH were increased on day 7 and 14 after cadmium treatment. Serum albumin levels decreased on day 7 and day 14. The SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin, ALP, LDH and albumin levels showed a tendency for restoration after treatment with JSE and OPE. There were no alterations in these liver parameters after treatment with OPE and JSE. The results clearly indicate that JSE and OPE were effective in recovering liver biomarkers which were altered by cadmium exposure to rats.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1404767
Food safety management: preventive strategies and control of pathogenic microorganisms in food
Get PDFFood security is a paramount concern worldwide, as the consumption of food contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms can result in serious risks to human health. The presence of bacteria, fungi, and other potentially harmful microorganisms in food is a reality that demands rigorous preventive and control measures to ensure the quality and safety of food products. In this context, this review addresses food safety management as a preventive and control measure for pathogenic microorganisms in food, aiming to safeguard public health and ensure product quality. The article discusses the importance of strict hygienic practices throughout the food chain, from production to consumption, and analyzes predominant pathogenic microorganisms that can cause foodborne illnesses. The study highlights the relevance of conventional and advanced techniques for microbiological identification as effective tools for accurate and rapid detection of microorganisms in food. Key elements such as temperature, pH, water activity, and additives are emphasized as crucial in inhibiting microbial proliferation. The implementation of quality management systems, notably the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system, and collaboration among various stakeholders are identified as essential to ensuring food safety. The importance of consumer education regarding safe food handling and storage practices is also emphasized. The conclusion emphasizes the central significance of food safety management as a foundation for population health and well-being, reinforcing that synergy and shared responsibility are indispensable pillars to ensure the supply of safe and healthy food for human consumption.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1072467
Coccidiosis of domestic food animals in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Get PDFA systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on coccidiosis in domestic food animals in Africa spanning the period from 2002 to 2022 was done with the objective of identifying the distribution of studies on the infection and aggregation of prevalence of the parasite in the study animals. A total of 43 articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the review. These include 16 studies on cattle, 9 on sheep, 7 on goats, 2 on pigs and 18 on poultry. The results revealed pooled data from 8,717 cattle, out of which 3,211, representing 36.84%, were positive for coccidiosis. In sheep, a total of 1,916 samples were pooled, out of which 895 representing 46.71%, were positive for the disease. In goats, 2,148 samples were pooled, out of which 1,316, representing 61.26%, were positive for the disease. Two studies gave a total of 610 samples in pigs, out of which 78, representing 12.78%, were positive for coccidiosis. In poultry, 7,261 samples were pooled, out of which 2,894, representing 39.86%, were positive for coccidiosis. There were however, no significant differences in prevalence between the five species. The concentration method of ova and parasite examination was the commonest method of isolation of Eimeria identified in the current review. In conclusion, Eimeria infection is high in food animals in Africa. Therefore, to tackle the disease, there is a need for a concerted effort in the identification, diagnosis and general prevention and control of the disease.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1058017
Efficacy of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) extracts against microbial spoilage of locally produced soymilk at ambient storage
Get PDFThere is a global concern at present with the use of synthetic chemical preservatives in foods due to carcinogenic and mutagenic related problems, resulting to the use of natural preservatives especially culinary herbs and spices in food products. Herein, efficacy of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) fruit and ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome was evaluated against rapid deterioration of locally produced soymilk at ambient storage by microorganisms and their bioactive compounds determined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Interestingly, soymilk treated with 5% ginger extract among other tested concentrations had the least bacterial (2.00±0.50 ×104 cfu/ ml) and fungal (2.00±0.00 ×104 sfu/ml) counts that did not exceed the acceptable limit for pasteurized milk (3 ×104 cfu/ ml) by day 3 of storage when compared with untreated soymilk that recorded very high bacteria (56.50±6.50 ×104 cfu/ml) and fungi (13.50±1.50 ×104 sfu/ml) counts. The efficacy could be traced to beta-amyrin (24.15%), hexadecanoic acid (15.71%) and phytol (16.55%) that are major bioactive compounds detected in the ginger extract. Thus, the ginger extract offers prospect as promising alternative that can be applied in extending the shelf life of soymilk and other liquid processed foods.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1457231
Spatial distribution of Tsetse fly and prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in selected sites of Southern Ethiopia
Get PDFA cross sectional study was conducted from June 2023 to March 2024 to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of Tsetse fly in Southern Ethiopia. Total of 432 blood samples collected from systematically selected cattle and examined using buffy coat and thin blood smear examination. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis found 6.5% with Trypanosoma congolense (78.6%) and T. vivax (21.4%) being the causative agents. Significantly higher disease occurrence were observed in lowland areas (7.5%, 95% CI: 5.2-10.7) than highland (1.4%, 95% CI: 0.2-9.4). Similarly, poor body conditioned cattle (13.8%, 95% CI: 9.3-20.0) had shown significantly higher infection than medium (3.2%, 95% CI: 1.2-8.3) and good (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.01-5.1) (P < 0.05). The mean PCV value was 25.89 ± 4.57 with significantly higher (P < 0.05) was recorded in infected cattle (20.61 ± 3.50) than non-infected (26.25 ± 4.41). Total of 300 flies caught by using 50NGU traps, giving overall apparent density of 0.86 f/t/d for Glossina pallidipes and 2.14f/t/d for other biting fly. The study highlights the need for comprehensive control measures, such as use of insecticide-treated targets, traps and chemoprophylaxis, to prevent spread of the disease in the study area.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1394822
Automated particle counting app in liquid medium based on digital image processing
Get PDFThis work introduces the mobile app ContLab with advanced computational code installed on mobile devices (tablet, cellphone, iPad, etc.), with internet access, and compatible with Android operating systems. It is designed to be coupled with a simple microscope for the automated counting of particles, ranging in size from 0.05 µm to 50 µm, within the microfiltration spectrum, and specifically customized for micelle counting produced in fermentable processes. It is an easily accessible and cost-effective device for users interested in micelle counting present in any fermentable broth, such as in the pharmaceutical, food, and brewing industries. The app enhances the speed and precision of results compared to the manual counting method.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1354125
Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups isolated from Lavandula species in Isparta, Türkiye
Get PDFThe genus Rhizoctonia includes a wide host of various kinds of more than 200 species of plants, and the genus includes different groups that are destructive plant pathogens and nonpathogenic to plants. Lavandula species are aromatic and medicinal plants in the family Lamiaceae. In this study, Rhizoctonia species were isolated from diseased Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula x intermedia plants exhibiting symptoms related to crown and root rot to determine the anastomosis groups (AGs) of these isolates through hyphal anastomosis utilizing the test strains and the sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The obtained data confirmed the species identity of 29 isolates out of 44 as R. solani AG 4 HG-II and the remaining 15 isolates as binucleate Rhizoctonia (Ceratobasidium sp.) AG-K. Pathogenicity tests showed that AG 4 HG-II isolates were highly virulent on lavender plants, but AG-K isolates were not pathogenic. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of R. solani AG 4 HG-II and binucleate Rhizoctonia (Ceratobasidium sp.) AG-K on L. angustifolia and L. x intermedia in Türkiye and around the world.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1456915
Influence of plant growth regulators on carbon/nitrogen metabolism of cucumber under salt stress
Get PDFThis study was designed with the objective of comparing three different plant growth regulators, putrescine (Put), meta-topolin (mT), and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), in affecting cucumber plants under salt stress. The pilot assessment revealed that all treatments had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on vegetative traits, seedling vigor, total chlorophyll content, and root activity compared to control. The treatment T5 showed the greatest numbers in regard to the above–mentioned traits compared with other combinations. The salt stress study reported that T2 increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in leaves by 31%, 4.4%, 22.4%, and 35.2%, respectively, in comparison with the control. On the other hand, S3 markedly increased antioxidant enzyme activities, and the activity level was significantly higher than the control and salt treatment. Exogenous S3 had a highly significant effect on glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and (GDH), glutamate dehydrogenase activities in leaves and roots compared with T2. Application of S3 had a highly significant effect on sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) under salinity stress in leaves and roots compared with other salt stress treatments. The results showed that (5 mM Put + 0.002 ppm mT + 0.001 ppm EBR) treatment alleviated the growth inhibition caused by salt stress by regulating the C-N enzyme activities in cucumber plants.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1311941