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Multiphysics Modelling of Fracture in Non-Isothermal Multiphase Clayey Soils with the Crack Phase-Field Approach: Preliminary Investigations
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Freshwater Snail Optimizer: A Bio-Inspired Optimizer for Engineering Design Problems
No full textAs the scale and nonlinearity of optimization problems continue to increase, traditional deterministic solution strategies are becoming increasingly flawed in the face of the exponential growth of search space dimensions and multimodal objective functions. Metaheuristic algorithms, with their probability-driven global search capabilities and local development capabilities, have gradually become an essential tool for solving complex optimization tasks. We propose a Freshwater Snail Optimizer (FSO), inspired by the social behavior of water snails in terms of movement and collision, as a metaheuristic algorithm. FSO combines the floating of water snails’ air chambers, movement in the water, and population collisions and divides them into groups during initialization to balance exploration and development, achieving gratifying optimization results, especially in high-dimensional problems. We utilized CEC 2017 and CEC 2022 to qualitatively analyze FSO in various problems, and employed the Friedman test and Wilcoxon rank sum test for statistical testing. Experimental results show that our proposed FSO achieved 32 first-place results on 41 problems compared with 9 classic algorithms, and 27 first-place results when compared with 9 emerging algorithms that appeared in the past two years. FSO has also achieved the first comparison results in six engineering optimizations on multiple occasions, proving that FSO possesses well optimization capabilities and practicality for real-world problems. The source code accompanying this article has been released at:https://github.com/leogalaxy0603/Freshwater-SnailOptimizer(accessed on 12 October 2025).OPEN ACCESS Received: 19/08/2025 Accepted: 13/10/202
ECOFERTILIZANTES LA SALLE: CULTIVANDO CONCIENCIA AMBIENTAL
No full textComposting is an ancestral technique for managing organic waste. Recent studies show that incorporating ''Trichoderma'' spp., especially ''T. harzianum'' and ''T. viride'', significantly accelerates the decomposition of organic residues thanks to enzymes capable of degrading cellulose, chitin, and glucans. This improves the quality and nutritional value of the final compost, optimizing soil fertility and nutrient availability for crops. Therefore, implementing ''Trichoderma'' as a microbial bioactivator in compost represents a sustainable agroecological solution that strengthens soil fertility and reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers. In many rural and periurban areas, organic waste is poorly managed and there is excessive dependence on synthetic fertilizers, which degrade soil health. Inoculating compost with ''Trichoderma'' enhances compost quality—by increasing its nutritional content and biological activity—and provides biological control of pathogens, contributing to healthier and more sustainable agriculture. Composting with effective microorganisms (EM) is based on introducing beneficial microbial communities such as lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes that rapidly decompose organic waste. According to Higa and Parr (1994), EM improve soil structure, increase nutrient availability, and suppress pathogenic organisms. In an agroecological approach, microbially enriched compost contributes to regenerative and resilient agricultural systems. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots. These associations enhance nutrient uptake—especially phosphorus—and increase plant resistance to soil pathogens. Additionally, mycorrhizae contribute to soil structural stability and microbial biodiversity. Including them in composting can enrich soil microbiota and promote a healthier, more productive environment for plants
Alcohol Intoxication as Just Cause for Employment Termination: A Comparative Medical–Legal Perspective in Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico
No full textObjective: To analyze the medical–legal framework regarding drunkenness as grounds for termination of the employment relationship in Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico, considering alcoholism as a disease and its implications for occupational health.
Methods: A documentary and comparative review of labor legislation, jurisprudence, and doctrine was conducted in the four countries. Additionally, medical literature on alcoholism published between 2000 and 2023 was reviewed, using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO, and ILO sources [1–3,5,9,13].
Results: Although labor laws in Latin America recognize drunkenness as just cause for dismissal [4–7], judicial practice has progressively incorporated principles of proportionality, human dignity, and the right to health [13,14]. National jurisprudence shows variability: while some courts uphold dismissal, others consider alcoholism a disease requiring treatment and rehabilitation [16–21]. The medical literature highlights the health burden of alcohol use and the need for workplace interventions focused on prevention and reintegration [9–12,22].
Conclusion: Dismissal due solely to drunkenness is insufficient without evidence of recurrence, direct harm to productivity, or risk to third-party integrity. A balanced approach integrating occupational health policies, rehabilitation measures, and proportional sanctions is recommended
Endovascular Therapy Versus Surgical Clipping for Intracranial Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
No full textIntracranial aneurysms are a leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), associated with high morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, microsurgical clipping was the gold standard, but endovascular coiling has emerged as a less invasive alternative. This review synthesizes current evidence comparing endovascular and surgical approaches. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies published between 2000 and 2025. Outcomes assessed were mortality, functional independence, perioperative complications, recurrence, and retreatment rates. Twenty-seven studies encompassing 18,560 patients were analyzed. Endovascular therapy demonstrated reduced short-term mortality and higher rates of functional independence, particularly in elderly patients and those with posterior circulation aneurysms. Conversely, surgical clipping ensured greater long-term durability with fewer retreatments, especially among younger patients. Both techniques carry unique benefits and limitations; thus, treatment should be individualized, taking into account aneurysm morphology, patient age, comorbidities, and surgical risk. Risk of bias assessment was performed using Cochrane RoB2 for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies, with most studies showing moderate risk. This review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach, while emphasizing the need for future long-term RCTs and device innovations. In conclusion, endovascular therapy provides superior early safety, while surgical clipping ensures durable occlusion; an evidence-based, personalized strategy remains essential to optimize patient outcomes
Surface Settlement of Small Clear Distance Tunnel in Soft Soil Layer during Shield Propulsion
Get PDFShield tunneling has become a widely adopted method for urban underground transport construction. However, research on the impact of small-clearance shield tunnel construction in urban soft soil layers is still in its early stages. Understanding the effects of such construction on surface settlement and summarizing temporal settlement patterns is crucial for reducing construction risks and minimizing disturbances to the surrounding areas. This paper investigates the impact of two-lane small-clearance tunneling on surface settlement through finite element modeling and analysis, focusing on the Nanjing Heyan Road Crossing as a case study. The study also evaluates the feasibility of different construction distances in successive two-lane shield tunneling. Numerical simulations and on-site measurements were conducted to explore the surface settlement behavior under varying construction distances. The research examines the vertical and lateral settlement characteristics in the backfilled area, located 32 m from the tunnel initiation well. The findings reveal the settlement behavior throughout the shield tunneling process under different construction distances. The results indicate that the vertical settlement profiles of shield tunnel construction in soft soil layers conform to the Mindlin settlement curve, while the lateral settlement profiles follow the double-funnel Peck curves. Additionally, the closer the construction distance between the two tunnels, the greater the disturbance to the ground surface, whereas increasing the construction distance results in higher peak surface settlement. Soil settlement around the tunnel is significantly affected by construction disturbances, structural stiffness, lateral unloading bias, the extrusion effect of tube sheet weight, and shield machine movement. The use of synchronous grouting effectively mitigates excessive surface settlement. This study provides valuable insights and serves as a reference for similar shield tunnel construction projects in urban soft soil layers.OPEN ACCESS Received: 18/03/2025 Accepted: 16/05/2025 Published: 22/09/202
Entropy of Authority in Dialogue Games
Get PDFWe introduce Authority Entropy, an index that quantifies the distribution of authority stances within dialogue windows and tests its predictive value for compliance, convergence speed, and equilibrium stability. Using a multilingual lexicon of authority-bearing constructions anchored in the regla compilada as an operational constraint set, we train a strictly causal classifier that maps text to stance probabilities over {low, neutral, high}. Authority Entropy is computed per sliding window, together with its slope and volatility, and related to behavioral endpoints through survival models and doubly robust estimators. The study spans synthetic arenas with controllable payoffs, open multi-party tasks with outcome labels, and consented human–model interactions. Baselines include sentiment, toxicity, politeness, formality, and power taggers. Stress tests apply adversarial edits that alter authority cues while preserving semantics to assess sensitivity of entropy and downstream effects. Primary outcomes are compliance rate, convergence time, payoff stability, and regret, reported with leakage audits, calibration checks, and confidence intervals. Results target a public specification of the index, a causal benchmark and leaderboard, and open tooling to visualize instability regimes over time. The contribution is a portable, language-aware measure that links local authority structure to cooperative dynamics without right context leakage. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that framework, if citation integrity and canonical links to related works (SSRN: 10.2139/ssrn.4841065, 10.2139/ssrn.4862741, 10.2139/ssrn.4877266) are maintained