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A Review of Immunomodulatory Effects of Fluoroquinolones
Get PDFPast researches indicate that some types of antibiotics, apart from their
antimicrobial effects, have some other important effects which indirectly
are exerted by modulating and regulating the immune system’s
mediators. Among the compounds with antimicrobial effects, fluoroquinolones
(FQs) are known as synthetic antibiotics, which exhibit the
property of decomposing of DNA and prevent bacterial growth by
inactivating the enzymes involved in DNA twisting, including topoisomerase
II (DNA gyrase) and IV. Interestingly, immune responses are
indirectly modulated by FQs through suppressing pro-inflammatory
cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-α), and super-inducing IL-2, which tend to increase both the
growth and activity of T and B lymphocytes. In addition, they affect
the development of immune responses by influencing of expression of
other cytokines and mediators. This study aims to review past research
on the immunomodulatory effects of FQs on the expression of cytokines,
especially IL-2 and to discuss controversial investigations
بررسی کارایی فرآیند انعقاد و شناورسازی الکتریکی جهت تصفیه فاضلاب قالیشویی با استفاده از روش سطح¬پاسخ
Get PDFاثر مکمل اولئوئیل اتانل آمید بر روی شاخص استرس اکسیداتیو، پروستاگلاندین ها، فاکتورهای التهابی و علائم دیسمنوره اولیه در دانشجویان ساکن خوابگاه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین: کارآزمایی بالینی دو سوکور کنترل شده با دارونما
Get PDFKnowledge and preventive behaviors regarding COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A nationwide distribution
Get PDFAssessing individuals' knowledge and preventive behaviors towards the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is essential for the related public health surveillance strategies. Although some of the studies were conducted in Bangladesh, none of these studies considered the geographical distribution of knowledge and preventive behaviors towards COVID-19. Therefore, the present nationwide cross-sectional study with 10,067 samples for the first-time aims to assess the knowledge gap by presenting the geographical distribution of the COVID-19 knowledge and preventive behaviors across all administrative districts of Bangladesh. The measures included socio-demographics and questions about knowledge and preventive behaviors related to COVID-19. One-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. In addition, GIS-based mapping identified district-wise distribution of the outcomes. Results indicated that the overall mean score of knowledge related to COVID-19 was 14.363 ± 3.073, whereas 16.95 ± 2.89 was for preventive behaviors. Participants' being male, being divorced or widowed, consuming alcohol, smoking cigarettes, living in villages, and having no formal education reported lower performing preventive COVID-19 behaviors. Those participants with higher knowledge scores reported higher preventive COVID-19 behaviors (β = 0.053, p<0.001). However, the model predicted only 13.2% of the variation in preventive COVID-19 behaviors while the overall model being significant. The findings suggest that the Bangladeshi government should initiate appropriate far-reaching program of health education focusing on knowledge and preventive behaviors towards COVID-19 at a community level. After all, the strategies to combat COVID-19 will require individuals' involvement to control and prevent the disease outbreak, for which education is essential
Internet-Related Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Schoolchildren During the COVID-19 School Hiatus
Get PDFThis study assessed the mediating roles of problematic gaming, problematic social media use, and problematic smartphone use in the associations between psychological distress and screen time use among primary school children during the school hiatus due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Students (n = 2,026; mean [standard deviation] age = 10.71 years [1.07]; 1,011 [49.9 percent] girls) in Sichuan, China completed a cross-sectional online survey, and this study was approved by the ethics committee of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (IRB ref: HSEARS20190718001). The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, and Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale were used to assess problematic gaming, social media use, and smartphone use. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 was used to assess distress, and an item rated on a 0-10 scale was included to assess fear of being infected by COVID-19. Fear of being infected by COVID-19 was assessed because this could be a confounding variable in the association between psychological distress and screen time use. Increased time spent on gaming, social media, and smartphones was associated with greater problematic gaming, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, and psychological distress, but was not associated with fear of COVID-19 infection. Mediation analyses showed that problematic gaming, problematic social media use, and problematic smartphone use were significant mediators in the association between psychological distress and increased time spent on Internet-related activities during the COVID-19 outbreak period. Children who had psychological distress during COVID-19 outbreak might have spent longer time on Internet-related activities due to the school hiatus and problematic use of Internet-related activities. Parents/caregivers are recommended to monitor their children's use of Internet while encouraging children to engage in positive activities to ease the concern of negative psychological responses during the COVID-19 pandemic
Virulence Factors of Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Review
Get PDFAbstract: Escherichia coli are remarkably versatile microorganisms and important members of the
normal intestinal microbiota of humans and animals. This harmless commensal organism can acquire
a mixture of comprehensive mobile genetic elements that contain genes encoding virulence factors,
becoming an emerging human pathogen capable of causing a broad spectrum of intestinal and
extraintestinal diseases. Nine definite enteric E. coli pathotypes have been well characterized, causing
diseases ranging from various gastrointestinal disorders to urinary tract infections. These pathotypes
employ many virulence factors and effectors subverting the functions of host cells to mediate their
virulence and pathogenesis. This review summarizes new developments in our understanding of
diverse virulence factors associated with encoding genes used by different pathotypes of enteric
pathogenic E. coli to cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases in humans.
Keywords: enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli; E. coli pathotypes; virulence factor gene
بررسی الگوی غذایی، وضعیت خواب و میزان فعالیت فیزیکی در بیماران مالتیپل اسکلروزیس و مقایسه آن با افراد سالم در شهر یزد
Get PDFFirst detection of mobilized colistin resistance mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli isolated from livestock and sewage in Iran
Get PDFCurrently, few studies have investigated the mechanisms of resistance to colistin in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate mcrharbouring Escherichia coli dissemination in livestock and sewage in Iran. A total of 115 samples from cows (n = 38), chickens (n = 47)
and urban sewage samples (n = 30) were collected. The presence of genes including mcr1–6 and ampC β-lactamase (blaMOX, blaCIT,
blaDHA, blaACC, blaEBC, blaFOX) for colistin-resistant isolates was investigated by multiplex PCR method. Genetic association of colistinresistant strains was also evaluated by ERIC PCR. Sixty-five isolates were identified as E. coli. Meaningless were resistant to colistin. The
highest (26.1%) and lowest (3.07%) resistance were shown to ampicillin and meropenem respectively. Among the three colistin-resistant
isolates, 2 (66%) were multidrug resistant, with one of them being mcr-1 positive and the other one positive for DHA ampC β-lactamase
gene. No mcr2–6 genes were found. Minimum inhibitory concentration of mcr-producing isolate was 4 mg/L by microbroth dilution. This
study reports, first the detection of mcr-1 in E. coli from farm animals in Iran, a finding that is indicative of a global distribution of this
plasmidic element and threatning the use of colistin as a last resort antibiotic. No clonal relationship was observed between the colistinresistant E. coli isolates by ERIC-PCR. Monitoring the presence of these strains in animal sources help as to controlling the spread of
resistance genes from animal to human is vital.
© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd