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'n Algemene leksikografiese model vir 'n tipologiese verskeidenheid woordeboeke in Afrikatale
Get PDFSo far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description — all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa–English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu–English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.Tot dusver bestaan daar min beskrywings oor hoe om strukture te skep wat daartoe in staat is om leksikografiese data te berg. ISO 24613 2008 is een van die mees onlangse sodanige beskrywings. Nog een, naamlik dié van Spohr (2012) wat fokus op die ontwerp van 'n gebruikersgerigte multifunksionele leksikale bron, gebruik die voorstellingsmodel XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) wat in beginsel hiërargies is. In hierdie artikel word 'n ander roete gevolg om 'n model te beskryf wat gebaseer is op entiteite en hul onderlinge verhoudinge. MySQL (gewoonlik na verwys as Structured Query Language) beskryf 'n databasisstelsel van tabelle wat data bevat en definisies van hulle onderlinge verhoudinge. Die model is ontwikkel binne die konteks van die projek "Scientific e-Lexicography for Africa" en die databasis wat saamgestel word, sal met behulp van MySQL toegepas word. Die beginsels van die ISO-model asook dié van Spohr word gehandhaaf maar wel met een groot uitsondering in die implementeringstrategie: die lemma is naamlik nie sentraal in die bewerking nie, maar wel die beskrywing van betekenisonderskeidings — alle ander elemente, met insluiting van die lemma, is afhanklik van die beskrywing van die betekenisonderskeidings. Hierdie artikel bespreek ook die leksikografiese datastelle wat aangebied word en hoe hulle uit verskillende bronne versamel is. Aangesien dit ons doel is om verskillende prototipiese internetwoordeboeke saam te stel ('n eentalige Noord-Sotho woordeboek, 'n tweetalige aanleerderswoordeboek Xhosa–Engels en 'n tweetalige woordeboek Zoeloe–Engels) bespreek ons die noodsaaklike mikrostrukturele elemente vir elkeen van hierdie woordeboeke en watter beginsels gevolg word om verskillende maniere te ontwikkel om toegang tot hierdie woordeboeke te verkry. Die plan is om die model en die (leë) databasis met al die grafiese koppelvlakke wat ontwikkel is teen die middel van 2015 gratis beskikbaar te stel
Endlich wieder in Präsenz: Das Treffen des internationalen Promovierenden-Netzwerks bei der IDS-Jahrestagung 2023
Get PDF"Beinahe-ums-Leben-kommen-in-Regenpfützen" und "Chauvi-Macho-Macker-Stuss" – kreative Wortbildungen in Songtexten
No full textIm Zentrum dieses Beitrags steht die Analyse kreativer Wortbildungsprodukte in Songtexten. Der Fokus liegt somit bewusst auf solchen Wortbildungen, die nicht den Weg ins Lexikon finden, sondern gerade aufgrund ihres okkasionellen Charakters einen erhöhten Grad an Expressivität aufweisen, der dann gezielt für die spezifische kreative Qualität von Songtexten genutzt wird.
Solche okkasionellen komplexen Wörter, die sich in theoretischer Hinsicht innerhalb der Domäne der ‚Extravagant Morphology‘ verorten lassen, werden über das Kriterium der Wortlänge aus dem Songkorpus herausgefiltert und im Anschluss hinsichtlich ihrer formalen sowie semantisch-pragmatischen Besonderheiten analysiert. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Frage, wodurch die Kreativität der insgesamt 183 Bildungen des Untersuchungskorpus getriggert wird. Die Analyse zeigt, dass expressive Effekte in Songtexten offenbar sowohl durch die Verwendung markierter Wortbildungsmuster als auch durch den Rückgriff auf ‚auffällige‘ Lexik erzeugt werden. Zum einen ist der Anteil markierter Wortbildungsmuster wie der Phrasenkomposition und anderer phrasaler Wortbildungen gegenüber klassischen Textsorten wie Zeitungstexten deutlich erhöht. Zum anderen wird durch die Verwendung einer umgangssprachlichen, vulgären, brutalen oder poetischen Lexik, aber auch mit unmarkierten Wortbildungsmustern wie der prototypischen Determinativkomposition, Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Insgesamt erweist sich das Songkorpus dabei als wahre Fundgrube für kreative Wortbildungsprodukte
Andreas, Renate & Michael Andreas (2020): Praxis-Fachbuch für den kompetenten Rechtschreibunterricht. Neue Erkenntnisse – Neue Wege. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Hohengehren [Rezension]
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The use of interlocking multi-unit turns in topic shifts
Get PDFThis paper examines multi-unit turns that allow speakers to retrospectively close the prior sequence while prospectively launching a new sequence, which Schegloff (1986) referred to as interlocking organization. Using English telephone conversations as data, we focus on how multi-unit turns are used for topic shifts, and show that interlocking organization operates in conjunction with other phonetic and lexical features, such as increased pitch and overt markers of disjunction (e.g., “listen”). In addition, speakers utilize an audible inbreath that is placed between the first and the second units as a central interactional resource to project further talk, thereby suppressing speaker transition and possibly highlighting the action delivered in the second unit as being distinctly new. We propose that interlocking multi-unit turns, when used to make topically disjunctive moves, promote progressivity by avoiding a possible lapse in turn transitio
Deutsch in der Welt: Versuch einer historisch basierten Zuordnung
Get PDFIn der vorliegenden Studie wird der Versuch unternommen, diese Kriterienkomplexität auf das Problem der Stellung der deutschen Sprache unter anderen Sprachen zu applizieren. Dieses Ziel ist mit der Würdigung des Beitrags des Geehrten zur Popularisierung der deutschen Sprache und Bewusstmachung ihrer Weltgeltung im internationalen Ausmaß durchaus affin. Dabei werden sprachinterne („organologische") und sprachexterne (soziokulturelle) Faktoren nach Möglichkeit in ihrer Wechselbeziehung bzw. Wechselwirkung dargestellt. Das Hauptziel dieser Darstellung besteht in einer Modellierung von linguistisch relevanten Parametern, die eine wissenschaftlich angemessene Basis für die adäquate Zuordnung der deutschen Sprache unter definitivem Ausschluss vor- bzw. pseudowissenschaftlicher Kriterien wie die subjektiven, wissenschaftsfernen Axiologien und Präferenzen schaffen können
Variability in language predictions: Assessing the influence of speaker, text and experimental method
Get PDFPrediction is a central mechanism in the human language processing architecture. The psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic literature has seen a lively debate about what form prediction may take and what status it has for language processing in the human mind and brain. While predictions are a ubiquitous finding, the implications of these results for models of language processing differ. For instance, eyetracking data suggest that predictions may rely on sublexical orthographic information in natural reading, while electrophysiological data provide mixed evidence for form-based predictions during reading. Other research has revealed that humans rapidly adapt to text specifics and that their predictive capacity varies, broadly speaking, in accordance with inter- and intra-individual language proficiency, which cuts across the speaker groups (e.g. L1 vs. L2 speakers, skilled vs. untrained readers) traditionally used for experimental contrasts. There is therefore evidence that the kind and strength of linguistic predictions depend on (at least) three sources of variability in language processing: speaker, text genre and experimental method.
The aim of this Research Topic is to develop a better understanding of prediction in light of the three sources of variability in language processing, by providing an overview of state-of-the art research on predictive language processing and by bringing together research from various disciplines.
First, intra-and inter-individual differences and their influence on predictive processes remain underrepresented in experimental research on predictive processing. How do language users differ in their predictive abilities and strategies, and how are these differences shaped by e.g. biological, social and cultural factors?
Second, while language users experience great stylistic diversity in their daily language exposure and use, the majority of language processing research still focuses on a very constrained register of well-controlled sentences composed in the standard language. How are predictions shaped by extra- and meta-linguistic context, such as register/genre or accent/speaker identity, and how may this influence the processing of experimental items in another language or text variety?
Third, the Research Topic invites contributions that make use of a multi-method approach, such as combined behavioral and electrophysiological measures or experimental methods combined with measures extracted from corpus data. What opportunities and challenges do we face when integrating multiple approaches to examine linguistic, experimental and individual differences in human predictive capacity?
We welcome contributions from all areas of empirical psycho- and neurolinguistics, but contributions must explicitly address variability and variation in language and language processing. Relevant topics include individual differences and the impact of genre, modality, register and language variety. Contributions that go beyond single word and single sentence paradigms are especially desirable. Experimental, corpus-based, meta-analytic and review papers, as well as theoretical/opinion pieces are welcome; however, papers of the latter type should support their arguments with substantial empirical evidence from the literature. Particularly desirable are contributions which combine topics and/or methods, such as the impact of an individual's native dialect on processing of constructions that show variability in the standard language (e.g. choice of auxiliary, agreement of mass nouns, etc.) or experimental methods combined with measures extracted from corpus data such as information-theoretic surprisal
The influence of predictability, visual contrast, and preview validity on eye movements and N400 amplitude: co-registration evidence that the N400 reflects late processes
Get PDFTwo eye movement/EEG co-registration experiments investigated effects of predictability, visual contrast, and parafoveal preview in normal reading. Replicating previous studies, in Experiment 1 contrast and predictability additively influenced fixation durations, and in Experiment 2 invalid preview eliminated the predictability effect on early eye movement measures. In both experiments, predictability influenced the amplitude of the N400 component of the fixation-related potential. In Experiment 1, visual contrast did not influence the N400, and in Experiment 2, the effect of predictability on the N400 was larger with invalid preview, in opposition to the eye movement pattern. The N400 may reflect a late process of accessing conceptual representations while the duration of the eyes’ fixation on a word is sensitive to the difficulty of perceptual encoding and early stages of word recognition. The effects of predictability on both fixation duration and the N400 suggest an influence of this variable at two distinct processing stages
Nichts ist spannender als Wirtschaft. Erzählung als Arbeit – Methoden und Produktionsbedingungen wirtschaftsjournalistischer Narration
Get PDFDie wissenschaftliche Textanalyse blendet die Produktionsbedingungen, unter denen Narration entsteht, weitgehend aus. Der vorliegende Text will dazu beitragen, diese Lücke zu schließen und zeigt die Herausforderungen von Medienarbeitern im Berufsalltag. Ebenso geht der Autor, der über zwanzig Jahre lang Redakteur beim Düsseldorfer Magazin Wirtschaftswoche war, auf die ökonomische Situation der Unternehmen ein, die Journalisten beschäftigen. Und er zeigt, wie und warum Wirtschaftsjournalisten aus trockenen Fakten spannende Geschichten machen