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Il denaro delle visite pastorali. Considerazioni a partire da alcuni esempi di Firenze e Lucca tra Tre e Quattrocento
No full textIl saggio affronta le visite pastorali basso-medievali da un punto di vista economico. Questa pratica non era solo un atto del governo episcopale, ma anche un fatto di denaro, giacché generava entrate significative per i vescovi e comportava costi per i visitati, rientrando così nella fiscalità diocesana. Queste entrate non erano secondarie rispetto ad altri cespiti e dimostrano il forte legame tra potere episcopale e risorse economiche.The essay employs an economic perspective to explore the late medieval pastoral visits. This practice was not only an act of episcopal governance, but also a matter of financial administration, as it generated significant revenues for the bishops and entailed costs for the visited, thus falling under the jurisdiction of diocesan taxation. These revenues were not merely ancillary to other assets; rather, they serve to underscore the profound interconnection between episcopal power and economic resources
La cancelleria del regno aragonese di Napoli attraverso i registri del grande sigillo di Antonello Petrucci
No full textIl saggio ricostruisce il personale e il bilancio economico della cancelleria aragonese di Napoli fra il 1456 e il 1473, finora ignoti alla bibliografia, attraverso le uscite di dieci registri contabili del grande sigillo regio. Segretari e scrivani erano retribuiti grazie ai diritti del sigillo pagati dai beneficiari dei documenti cancellereschi. I dati contenuti nei registri, distrutti nel 1943 (fatta eccezione per un volume e qualche frammento), sono stati ricostruiti grazie agli inserti nelle quietanze richieste da Antonello Petrucci di Aversa, percettore dei diritti e poi primo segretario del regno, e alle schede manoscritte di alcuni studiosi. Ci si concentra anche sul funzionamento della cancelleria di Alfonso il Magnanimo durante la sua residenza nel regno, con attenzione alla sua articolazione funzionale e fisica in diverse scribanias. Grazie alla ricostruzione del bilancio della cancelleria si spiega perché nel 1490 l’umanista Giovanni Pontano, successore di Petrucci, presentò a re Ferrante d’Aragona le sue dimissioni.The paper reconstructs the personnel and budget of the Aragonese chancellery in Naples between 1456 and 1473, until now unknown to the literature, through the expenses of ten account books of the royal great seal. Secretaries and writers were paid from the seal rights paid by the beneficiaries of letters sent from the chancellery. The information contained in the seal books, which were destroyed in 1943 (except for a single book and some fragments), was reconstructed thanks to the insertions in the receipts (quietanciae) requested by Antonello Petrucci of Aversa, who was the recipient of the seal rights and later the first secretary of the kingdom, and the handwritten files of some scholars. We also focus on the operating of the chancellery of Alfonso the Magnanimous during his stay in the kingdom, with attention to its functional and physical dislocation into different scribanias. Thanks to the reconstruction of the chancellery\u27s budget we can explain why in 1490 the humanist Giovanni Pontano, Petrucci\u27s successor, submitted his resignation to King Ferrante of Arago
Remebering Cosimo Damiano Fonseca
No full textThese pages celebrate the memory of the late Cosimo Damiano Fonseca and his crucial role in medieval studiesQueste pagine celebrano il ricordo di Cosimo Damiano Fonseca, recentemente scomparso, e il suo ruolo cruciale negli studi medievistic
Un diritto per “smilitarizzare” le istituzioni nella prima Colonia Eritrea: i progetti giuridici (mancati) del consigliere Piccolo Cupani
No full textLa ricerca esamina, attraverso l’applicazione di una metodologia storico-giuridica e storico-istituzionale, i progetti di legge elaborati da Vincenzo Piccolo Cupani per smilitarizzare l’assetto delle istituzioni della Colonia Eritrea. Piccolo Cupani, magistrato del Regno d’Italia, fu nominato nel 1890 da Francesco Crispi, allora Presidente del Consiglio, Consigliere coloniale per gli Affari Interni nell’amministrazione della nuova colonia. La resistenza delle autorità militari impedì tuttavia che tali progetti venissero attuati.A legal framework for “demilitarizing” institutions in the first Eritrean Colony: the (unexecuted) legal drafts of counselor Piccolo Cupani
The research examines, through a historical-legal and historical-institutional methodology, the draft bills formulated by Vincenzo Piccolo Cupani to demilitarize the legal framework of the Eritrean Colony. Piccolo Cupani, a magistrate in the Kingdom of Italy, was appointed by Francesco Crispi, Prime Minister in 1890, colonial Counselor for Internal Affairs in the administration of the new colony. The resistance from military authorities, however, prevented these drafts from being enacted
Taking Our Feelings Towards Animals Seriously
No full textMuch of contemporary animal ethics can be read as a reaction to its rationalistic roots, trying to correct for an epistemically impoverished picture of moral cognition. This “affective turn” in animal ethics which seeks to take seriously the role of affective cognition in moral deliberation has been very fruitful but it has also resulted in a tendency to take affective intuitions as evidence against alienating, demanding or repulsive conclusions from traditional, principle-based universalist ethics.
I argue that this is a mistake. Rather than elevating our affects to the position of evidence, taking their role in moral cognition seriously should actually make us more scrupulous in their use, not less. If moral cognition inescapably involves the use of feelings and emotions, I argue, then we must be especially careful to keep our feelings and emotions free from biases and fallacies. This will involve more intense alienation from and reevaluation of our affective intuition, not less.Much of contemporary animal ethics can be read as a reaction to its rationalistic roots, trying to correct for an epistemically impoverished picture of moral cognition. This “affective turn” in animal ethics which seeks to take seriously the role of affective cognition in moral deliberation has been very fruitful but it has also resulted in a tendency to take affective intuitions as evidence against alienating, demanding or repulsive conclusions from traditional, principle-based universalist ethics.
I argue that this is a mistake. Rather than elevating our affects to the position of evidence, taking their role in moral cognition seriously should actually make us more scrupulous in their use, not less. If moral cognition inescapably involves the use of feelings and emotions, I argue, then we must be especially careful to keep our feelings and emotions free from biases and fallacies. This will involve more intense alienation from and reevaluation of our affective intuition, not less
Evolution of the Roman pallium through the monumental art of the City of Rome (6th-14th centuries)
No full textStarting from the depictions of the monumental art of the City of Rome, the development of the Roman pallium from its origins is analyzed. With the help of written sources, such as the Liber Pontificalis and the texts of the Carolingian liturgists, a line of evolution of the form and liturgical value of this insignia is identified, progressively granted by the popes to eminent bishops. The history of the pallium has its roots in the dawn of the Church of Rome. The first news, in fact, dates back to 336, but in all likelihood the origins are older. The oldest surviving pallium belonged to Saint Caesarius of Arles (died in 542) and in the same century this liturgical insignia was already the central element of the Pope\u27s installation ceremony. The importance assumed by the pallium is evident in the artistic depictions of Rome, at least until the appearance of the tiara. In fact, as demonstrated in the contribution, the latter becomes a symbol of temporal power, while the pallium is assigned the spiritual sphere of the Bishop of Rome. In any case, the pallium will also have an important relevance later. In fact, even if the pallium progressively becomes the insignia of metropolitan archbishops, the pope will always be depicted as the source of episcopal power. It is the Pope who grants the pallium, without it the archbishop cannot exercise his ministerium. We tried to define how the pallium evolved, refuting some hypotheses developed in the past and carefully observing its presence in the images. From them it is possible to draw numerous information not only on the shape of this sign, but also on its liturgical and spiritual value.Partendo dalle raffigurazioni dell\u27arte monumentale della Città di Roma, viene analizzato lo sviluppo del pallio romano dalle sue origini. Con l\u27aiuto di fonti scritte, come il Liber Pontificalis e i testi dei liturgisti carolingi, si individua una linea di evoluzione della forma e del valore liturgico di questa insegna, progressivamente concessa dai papi a eminenti vescovi. La storia del pallio affonda le sue radici agli albori della Chiesa di Roma. Le prime notizie, infatti, risalgono al 336, ma con ogni probabilità le origini sono più antiche. Il più antico pallio superstite apparteneva a san Cesario di Arles (morto nel 542) e nello stesso secolo questa insegna liturgica era già l\u27elemento centrale della cerimonia di insediamento del Papa. L\u27importanza assunta dal pallio è evidente nelle raffigurazioni artistiche di Roma, almeno fino alla comparsa della tiara. Infatti, come dimostrato nel contributo, quest\u27ultima diventa simbolo del potere temporale, mentre al pallio viene assegnata la sfera spirituale del Vescovo di Roma. In ogni caso il pallio avrà un\u27importante rilevanza anche in seguito. Infatti, anche se il pallio diventa progressivamente l\u27insegna degli arcivescovi metropoliti, il papa sarà sempre raffigurato come la fonte del potere episcopale. È il Papa che concede il pallio, senza di esso l\u27arcivescovo non può esercitare il suo ministerium. Si è cercato di definire come il pallio si sia evoluto, confutando alcune ipotesi sviluppate in passato e osservando attentamente la sua presenza nelle immagini. Da essi è possibile trarre numerose informazioni non solo sulla forma di questo segno, ma anche sul suo valore liturgico e spirituale
Interview with Nicolas Gaudelet, technical director of Miguel Chevalier\u27s studio and Voxel Production
No full textInterview with Nicolas Gaudelet, technical director of Miguel Chevalier\u27s studio and Voxel ProductionInterview with Nicolas Gaudelet, technical director of Miguel Chevalier\u27s studio and Voxel Productio
More Days, Greater Health: Associations Between Daily MVPA and Cardiometabolic Risk in Youth
No full textObjectives: To examine the associations of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) with cardiometabolic health risks in children and adolescents. We also investigated the differences in MVPA between boys and girls and how the differences in MVPA affect cardiometabolic health.Methods: Pooled data from 21 studies involving children and adolescents aged 3-18 years old from the International Children\u27s Accelerometry Database (ICAD). MVPA was measured objectively by accelerometry. A Clustered Cardio-Metabolic Risk Score (CCMR) was calculated based on central adiposity, blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism indicators.Results: Boys are more active than girls per week in the study. In regression analysis, the MVPA-adjusted models for the fasting blood sample group indicated that CCMR in category 6 was significantly lower than in category 3(t = 2.41, p < .05). The results are similar in the non-fasting blood sample group.Conclusions: MVPA is associated with cardiometabolic health. More MVPA is beneficial for cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents
Anthropometric Indicators Of Central Obesity In The Identification Of General And Cancer Related Risk Mortality: Findings From The Epic Italian Cohort
No full textIntroduction
Obesity is a growing risk factor among adults, and its accurate identification remains a public health priority. While body mass index (BMI) is widely used, it does not account for fat distribution [1]. Combining BMI with central obesity indicators – such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) – has been shown to improve mortality risk prediction [2,3]. Nevertheless, these indicators have limitations, such as the absence of standardized measurement procedures [4]. Accordingly, the potential predictive role of non-traditional anthropometric indicators – such as the weight-adjusted waist index (WWI), the conicity index (C-index), and relative fat mass (RFM) – has been highlighted [5-7]. However, their clinical interpretation may be limited by the complexity of the required calculations.
Aims
To develop a novel, clinically applicable and easily interpretable anthropometric method for the classification of central obesity, and to assess its predictive value for all-cause and cancer mortality in comparison with both traditional (BMI, WC, WHR, WtHR) and non-traditional (WWI, C-index, RFM) anthropometric indicators.
Methods
This study included 45698 adult men and women from the Italian EPIC cohort (1993–1998). Demographic, lifestyle, and medical history data were collected enrollment using standardized questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist and hip circumferences) were used to calculate indicators. To calculate Delta Waist (ΔW) a linear regression was performed on WC as a function of height, weight, sex, age, sex/height and sex/age interaction. The model was weighted based on health risk categories defined by NICE [8]: participants with no increased risk were assigned a weighting factor of 1, those with increased risk a weighting factor of 0.5, and those with high or very high risk a weighting factor of 0. Predicted waist circumference was derived from this model by standardizing age to 35 years and reclassifying high/very high risk individuals into the nearest increased risk group stratified by waist circumference, assigning them the highest value of BMI. On this basis, weighting factor was recalculated. ΔW was calculated as the difference between observed and predicted WC. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between ΔW, the other non-traditional and traditional indicators. Cox proportional hazards models, with age as the primary time variable, were used to assess the association between ΔW, or other anthropometric variables, and the risk of all-cause and cancer mortality. All models were stratified by study center and adjusted for years of education, smoking status, physical activity level, diabetes, hypertension, and menopausal status for women (model 1). All models were also adjusted for BMI (model 2). All analyses were performed separately for men and women. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Model performance was assessed using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), with lower values indicating better fit. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results
During a median follow-up of 15 years, all-cause and cancer deaths were 1002 and 548 in men and 1473 and 888 in women, respectively. ΔW showed a lower correlation with BMI (men: r=0.64; women: r=0.71) than WC (men: r=0.87; women: r=0.91), WtHR (men: r=0.84; women: r=0.90) and WHR (men: r=0.69; women: r=0.75). A strong positive correlation was observed between RFM and BMI (men: r=0.84; women: r=0.85), while correlations between WWI, C-index and BMI were lower than r=0.5 in both sexes. WWI, C-index and RFM were positively correlated with WC, WtHR, WHR in both sexes. After adjustment for covariates, the estimated HRs of all-cause and cancer mortality according to BMI, WC, WtHR, WHR, ΔW, WWI, C-index and RFM are shown in Table 1. In both sexes ΔW was associated with an increased risk of both all-cause mortality (men: HR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.03); women: HR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.02)) and cancer mortality (men: HR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.03); women: HR 1.01 (95% CI 1.003-1.02)) (model 1). Adjustment for BMI did not affect the association between ΔW and all-cause mortality in both sexes and cancer mortality in men, but modified the association between ΔW and cancer mortality in women (model 2). The other indicators were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in men and women and with cancer mortality in men, while in women the association with cancer mortality was observed for all indicators except WHR, WWI and C-index (model 1). After adjusting for BMI no association was found between RFM and all-cause mortality in both sexes, nor between WHR and all-cause mortality in women. Furthermore, in women after adjusting for BMI, WC, WtHR, and RFM were no longer associated with cancer mortality (model 2). In the BIC analysis, the model with ΔW showed the lowest value in both men and women for all-cause mortality (men: BIC=14650; women: BIC=24329). Lower BIC values for cancer mortality were found for C-index in men (BIC=8096) and for WHR in women (BIC=15009).
Conclusions
ΔW represents a new anthropometric indicator of central obesity, easy to use and understand. In the Italian EPIC cohort it was associated with all-cause mortality risk in both sexes, with better results than other anthropometric indicators already validated and standardized.
 
Impact of First and Further Decompensation in Metabolic-Dysfunction Associated Compensated Advanced Chronic Liver Disease
No full textBACKGROUND
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) currently stands as one of the foremost global health challenges, with a prevalence of 38% worldwide according to the most recent estimates [1] and with a concerning upward trend due to the parallel anticipated increasing of Diabetes and Obesity epidemic in the coming years [2].
There is a long-standing agreement that the first decompensation - defined as ascites, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), variceal bleeding, and jaundice- appears the pivotal event for patients’ prognosis and marks the transition from the compensated, also known as compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD), to the decompensated stage of cirrhosis [3]. Although only a small fraction of patients dies following the first decompensation episode, the risk of developing further decompensation increases and the median survival dramatically decreases [4]. The occurrence of a further decompensation event - defined according to the Baveno VII Consensus [5] as either the recurrence of the initial event or the development of a second decompensation event - represents a crucial turning point in the natural history of the liver disease, markedly increasing the risk of liver-related death (LR-D) in those patients.
AIM
We assessed the cumulative incidence of first and further (acute and non-acute) decompensation and evaluated their impact on LR-D in patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) due to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
METHODS
International multicenter retrospective study (17 centers) on 6,061 consecutive patients with clinical (LSM>10 kPa) or biopsy-proven (F3-F4 fibrosis) diagnosis of cACLD due to MASLD. First and further decompensation were defined according to Baveno VII criteria. Competing risk analyses estimated the cumulative incidence of first and further decompensations, treating liver-related death (LR-D), extra-hepatic death (EH-D), and liver transplantation (LT) as competing events. Cumulative Incidence Functions (CIFs) were compared using Gray’s test and stratified by decompensation type and cause of death. Time-to-event analyses were anchored at cACLD diagnosis (first decompensation) and at first decompensation (subsequent events), with 5-year CIFs reported. Cause-specific Cox models with time-dependent covariates assessed the impact of decompensations and HCC on LR-D. Multivariable models included age, sex, diabetes, and liver function markers when available.
A seven-state multistate model estimated transitions from cACLD to better assess the clinical course of cACLD due to MASLD. Analyses were conducted in R (v4.3.3) using cmprsk, mstate, and related packages.
RESULTS
The cumulative incidence of the first decompensation was 3.5% (95% C.I 3.0-4.1) at 5 years, increasing 19-fold the risk of LR-D using Cox analysis (Figure 1A); the cumulative incidence of further decompensation was 43.9% (95% C.I 37.2-50.2) at 5 years among patients with first decompensation (Figure 1A), additionally increasing 1.5-times the risk of LR-D. Ascites, followed by variceal bleeding, were the most common events in both first and further decompensation. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) further independently increased the risk of LR-D by 3- and 1.4-fold in the whole cohort of cACLD due to MASLD and in those who experienced first decompensation, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The first and further decompensations represent tipping points in the clinical course of patients with cACLD due to MASLD, increasing 19-times and additionally 1.5-times the risk of LR-D. HCC is an independent predictor of LR-D in patients with cACLD due to MASLD, resulting in an additional risk of LR-D when associated with both first and further decompensation