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You're (Not) My Type‐ Can LLMs Generate Feedback of Specific Types for Introductory Programming Tasks?
Full text linkABSTRACT Background Feedback as one of the most influential factors for learning has been subject to a great body of research. It plays a key role in the development of educational technology systems and is traditionally rooted in deterministic feedback defined by experts and their experience. However, with the rise of generative AI and especially large language models (LLMs), we expect feedback as part of learning systems to transform, especially for the context of programming. In the past, it was challenging to automate feedback for learners of programming. LLMs may create new possibilities to provide richer, and more individual feedback than ever before. Objectives This article aims to generate specific types of feedback for introductory programming tasks using LLMs. We revisit existing feedback taxonomies to capture the specifics of the generated feedback, such as randomness, uncertainty and degrees of variation. Methods We iteratively designed prompts for the generation of specific feedback types (as part of existing feedback taxonomies) in response to authentic student programs. We then evaluated the generated output and determined to what extent it reflected certain feedback types. Results and Conclusion This study provides a better understanding of different feedback dimensions and characteristics. The results have implications for future feedback research with regard to, for example, feedback effects and learners' informational needs. It further provides a basis for the development of new tools and learning systems for novice programmers including feedback generated by AI
Undisruptable or stable concepts: can we design concepts that can avoid conceptual disruption, normative critique, and counterexamples?
Full text linkIt has been argued that our concepts can be disrupted or challenged by technology or normative concerns, which raises the question of whether we can create, design, engineer, or define more robust concepts that avoid counterexamples and conceptual challenges that can lead to conceptual disruption. In this paper, it is argued that we can. This argument is presented through a case study of a definition in the technological domain.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (1041
Susceptibility gene mutations in germline and tumors of patients with HER2-negative advanced breast cancer
Full text linkGermline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (g BRCA1/2 ) are required for a PARP inhibitor therapy in patients with HER2-negative (HER2−) advanced breast cancer (aBC). However, little is known about the prognostic impact of gBRCA1/2 mutations in aBC patients treated with chemotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the frequencies and prognosis of germline and somatic BRCA1/2 mutations in HER2- aBC patients receiving the first chemotherapy in the advanced setting. Patients receiving their first chemotherapy for HER2- aBC were retrospectively selected from the prospective PRAEGNANT registry (NCT02338167). Genotyping of 26 cancer predisposition genes was performed with germline DNA of 471 patients and somatic tumor DNA of 94 patients. Mutation frequencies, progression-free and overall survival (PFS, OS) according to germline mutation status were assessed. g BRCA1/2 mutations were present in 23 patients (4.9%), and 33 patients (7.0%) had mutations in other cancer risk genes. Patients with a g BRCA1/2 mutation had a better OS compared to non-mutation carriers (HR: 0.38; 95%CI: 0.17–0.86). PFS comparison was not statistically significant. Mutations in other risk genes did not affect prognosis. Two somatic BRCA2 mutations were found in 94 patients without gBRCA1/2 mutations. Most frequently somatic mutated genes were TP53 (44.7%), CDH1 (10.6%) and PTEN (6.4%). In conclusion, aBC patients with g BRCA1/2 mutations had a more favorable prognosis under chemotherapy compared to non-mutation carriers. The mutation frequency of ~5% with g BRCA1/2 mutations together with improved outcome indicates that germline genotyping of all metastatic patients for whom a PARP inhibitor therapy is indicated should be considered.The PRAEGNANT network is supported by grants from AstraZeneca, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Merrimack, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer. The supporters did not have any involvement in study design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the report or the decision to submit this article. The collaboration was further supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer to Mayo Clinic (P50 CA116201), NIH grants R35 CA253187 and R01 CA225662, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and BayStGP grant “DigiOnko” PBN-MGP-2008-0003.received grants from Grailreceived speaker and consultancy honoraria from AstraZeneca, Amgen, Clovis, Daichii Synkyo, Eisai, GenomicHealth, Gilead, GSK, Hexal, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Pierre-Fabre and Seagen and travel support from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Roche and Gileadreceived honoraria, unrestricted educational grants and research funding from Amgen, UCB, Novartis, and Pfizerreceived honoraria from Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Lilly, Seagen, and AstraZenecareceived honoraria from AstraZeneca Roche, Celgene, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, TEVA and travel support from AstraZeneca,Celgene, Pfizer, TEVA and Pierre Fabrereceived honoraria from Pfizer, Roche, MSD, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Eisai, medac, Pierre Fabre, Grünenthal, PharmaMar, Exact Sciences and Lillyfor advisory boards, lectures and travel supportreceived honoraria from Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Celgene, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Loreal, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Novartis, Roche and Tevareceived honoraria from AstraZeneca, Celgene and Novartisreports speaker honoraria from Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Pfizer, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Teva, Seagen, GSK, consultancy honoraria from Genomic Health, Gilead, Hexal, Roche, Pierre Fabre, Amgen, ClinSol, Novartis, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Lilly, GSK, other from Novartis, Roche, Seagen, Genentech, outside the submitted workreceived honoraria from Novartis, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, MSD, Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Roche and Hexal for consulting and clinical research management activitiesreceived honoraria from Astrazeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Teva, Eisai, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Amgen, Pfizer, Tesaro, Pharmamarreceived honoraria from Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myer Squibb, Celgene, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Janssen Cilag, Johnson&Johnson, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mundipharma, Myriad Genetics, Odonate, Pfizer, Puma, Riemser, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Sividon, and Tevareceived honoraria and travel support from Carl Zeiss meditec, Theraclion, Novartis, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, Roche, Daiichi Sankyo, Tesaro, MSD, onkowissen, Eli Lilly, SurgVision, Exact Sciences and Genomic Health and owns stock of Theraclion and Phaon scientificreceived honoraria from AstraZeneca, Cepheid, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Qiagen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Illumina, Roche, Janssen, Lilly, Agilend, Diaceutics, Ipsenreceived honoraria from Astrazeneca and GlaxoSmithKlinereceived honoraria from Roche, Novartis, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme,Teva, Daiichi-Sankyoreceived honoraria from Consal and research funding from Roche, Pfizer, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Boheringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyoreceived honoraria from Roche Novartis, Pfizer, Astrazenca and Tevareports grants from Celgene, grants from Roche, grants from AbbVie, personal fees from Roche, AstraZeneca, Celgene, Pfizer, Novartis, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Tesaro, Lilly, Seagenreceived honoraria from AstraZeneca, QIAGEN and Ambry Genetic
Towards Static Analysis of Interrupt Blocking Time in Operating System Kernels
Full text linkInterrupts are integral to the interaction
between an OS and its managed devices. They notify
the OS that something requires immediate attention.
However, they also disrupt ongoing executions by design
and, therefore, have to be inhibited in some cases.
This process requires utmost care as unnecessarily
long interrupt blocking times negatively impact system
performance. In the worst case, missing those may even
result in catastrophic failures. The associated cause
analysis for delayed interrupt reception is often time-
consuming and costly due to the complex interaction
between devices and the system. Especially on commodity
server systems with many devices, the cause of problems
related to interrupt latencies is often masked.
In this paper, we make an initial effort towards
providing means to developers of general-purpose OSs
to minimize the worst-case interrupt-delivery latency
by identifying excessive interrupt blocking times. We
provide insights for the system developer into potentially
problematic code paths where interrupts are masked
by leveraging symbolic execution of LLVM immediate
representation (IR) for general-purpose OSs. We currently
work with x86_64, but the analysis is applicable to other
architectures with minimal adaptions
Correction: Expanded phenotypic spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder Bryant-Li-Bhoj syndrome with 38 additional individuals
Full text linkTemperature imaging during the hydrogen release reaction from a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) system using phosphor thermometry
Full text linkLiquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) systems offer a particularly interesting option for chemical hydrogen storage. In order to characterize and understand the endothermal hydrogen release from the carrier liquid and to evaluate suitable catalyst materials, knowledge of the temperature fields in the dehydrogenation reactor is important. One suitable technique for planar temperature sensing in reacting systems is phosphor thermometry. It is based on the excitation of a luminescent material by a laser pulse and detection of the subsequent phosphorescence signal. We investigated the luminescence of the thermographic phosphor (Sr,Ca)SiAIN3:Eu2+ (“SCASN:Eu2+”) dispersed in the H0-DBT / H18-DBT LOHC system in a temperature range from 400 to 600 K. A measurement cell enables repeatable and homogeneous measurement conditions of the hydrogen release reaction. A catalytic plate was put inside the heated LOHC. Temperature fields during the hydrogen release reaction were measured for the first time using the phosphorescence decay time (PDT) and the phosphorescence intensity ratio method (PIR). As expected, a strong cooling at the catalyst surface during the endothermal hydrogen release reaction could be observed, which was quantified to be in the range of 40 K.Graphical abstractOpen Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Bavarian State Ministry of Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (1041
The new continuing education regulations—A challenge for visceral surgery
No full textZusammenfassung Hintergrund Die neue kompetenzbasierte Weiterbildungsordnung (nWBO) für chirurgische Weiterbildungen wurde mittlerweile von allen deutschen Landesärztekammern übernommen. Methoden Von Mai bis Juni 2023 führte die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Junge Chirurgie (CAJC) eine anonymisierte Onlineumfrage unter den 5896 Mitgliedern der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV) durch. Ziel Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Erwartungen an die nWBO zu erfassen und Lösungsstrategien zur Verbesserung der chirurgischen Weiterbildung zu entwickeln. Ergebnisse 488 Teilnehmende (Rücklaufquote 8,3 %) bedeuten eine repräsentative Studie. Die Befragten setzten sich aus 107 Weiterbildungsassistent:innen (WBA 21,9 %), 69 Fachärzt:innen und 188 Oberärzt:innen (FÄ 14,1 % und OÄ 38,5 %) sowie 107 Chefärzt:innen (21,9 %) zusammen. Die Mehrheit war in Regelversorgern (44 %) tätig, gefolgt von Maximalversorgern (26,8 %) und Universitätsklinika (20,1 %). Nur 22 % halten das geforderte operative Spektrum der nWBO für realistisch. Die Hälfte der Befragten gibt an, dass die volle Weiterbildung in ihrer Klinik gemäß dem neuen Katalog nicht mehr möglich sein wird. 54,6 % halten eine Erreichbarkeit der Richtzahlen in 6 Jahren für unmöglich bzw. geben an, nicht mehr die gleiche Anzahl von WBAs in der gleichen Zeit ausbilden zu können. Einheitlich über alle Versorgungsstufen wurde die Endoskopie (17,1–18,8 %), Fundoplikationen (15,4–17,7 %) und Kopf-Hals-Eingriffe (12,1–17,1 %) als Engstellen genannt. Rotationen wurden laut Angaben bereits zu 64,7 % etabliert. 48 % gaben an, dass in der Abteilung das Teilschrittekonzept etabliert sei. Die Bedeutung eines strukturierten Weiterbildungskonzepts wurde von 85 % der WBA als wichtig erachtet, im Vergleich zu 53,3 % der CÄ. Lag ein strukturiertes Weiterbildungskonzept in der Abteilung vor, so wurde die Erreichbarkeit der Richtzahlen in der univariaten Analyse signifikant positiver eingeschätzt. In der multivariaten Analyse waren das männliche Geschlecht sowie der Status „habilitiert/Professor:in“ unabhängige Faktoren für eine positivere Einschätzung der nWBO. Eine objektive Zertifizierung der Weiterbildung wurde von 51,5 % als wichtig angesehen. Schlussfolgerung Die nWBO bereitet Sorgen und die Stimmung ist pessimistisch. Zusätzliche Vorgaben und Krankenhausreformen könnten die Lage verschärfen. Kooperationen und Rotationen sind entscheidend, aber noch nicht ausreichend umgesetzt. Qualitätsorientierte Zertifizierungen könnten die Ausbildungsqualität verbessern.Background The new competency-based further training regulations (nWBO) for surgical training have been adopted by all German state medical associations. Methods From May to June 2023 the Young Surgeons’ Working Group (CAJC) conducted an anonymous online survey among the 5896 members of the German Society for General and Visceral Surgery (DGAV). Objective The survey aimed to assess expectations regarding the nWBO and to develop strategies for enhancing surgical training. Results With 488 participants (response rate 8.3%) the study is representative. The respondents consisted of 107 continuing education assistants (WBA 21.9%), 69 specialist physicians, and 188 senior physicians (specialist physicians 14.1% and senior physicians 38.5%), as well as 107 chief physicians (21.9%). The majority worked in regular care providers (44%), followed by maximum care providers (26.8%) and university clinics (20.1%). Only 22% considered the required operative spectrum of the new medical specialist training regulations (nWBO) to be realistic. Half of the respondents believed that full training in their clinic according to the new catalog will no longer be possible and 54.6% considered achieving the target numbers in 6 years to be impossible or state that they can no longer train the same number of continuing education assistants (WBAs) in the same time frame. Endoscopy (17.1–18.8%), fundoplication (15.4–17.7%) and head and neck procedures (12.1–17.1%) were consistently mentioned as bottlenecks across all levels of care. Rotations for balance were reported to be already established or not necessary in 64.7%. In 48% it was stated that the department had established the partial steps concept. The importance of a structured training concept was considered important by 85% of WBAs, compared to 53.3% of chief physicians (CÄ). If a structured training concept was present in the department, the achievability of the target numbers was significantly assessed more positively in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, male gender and the status of “habilitated/professor” were independent factors for a more positive assessment of the nWBO. Objective certification of training was considered important by 51.5%. Conclusion Concerns surround the nWBO and the sentiment is pessimistic. Additional requirements and hospital reforms could exacerbate the situation. Collaboration and rotations are crucial but still insufficiently implemented. Quality-oriented certification could enhance the quality of training.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (8974
High-content method for mechanosignaling studies using IsoStretcher technology and quantitative Ca2+ imaging applied to Piezo1 in cardiac HL-1 cells
Full text linkThe importance of mechanosensory transduction pathways in cellular signalling has prominently come to focus in the last decade with the discovery of the Piezo ion channel family. Mechanosignaling involving Piezo1 ion channels in the function of the heart and cardiovascular system has only recently been identified to have implications for cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, in particular for heart failure (i.e., hypertrophy or dilative cardiomyopathy). These results have emphasized the need for higher throughput methods to study single-cell cardiovascular mechanobiology with the aim of identifying new targets for therapeutic interventions and stimulating the development of new pharmacological agents. Here, we present a novel method to assess mechanosignaling in adherent cardiac cells (murine HL-1 cell line) using a combination of isotropic cell stretch application and simultaneous Ca 2+ fluorescence readout with quantitative analysis. The procedure implements our IsoStretcher technology in conjunction with a single-cell- and population-based analysis of Ca 2+ signalling by means of automated image registration, cell segmentation and analysis, followed by automated classification of single-cell responses. The method is particularly valuable for assessing the heterogeneity of populations with distinct cellular responses to mechanical stimulation and provides more user-independent unbiased drug response classifications.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschafthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutzhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100021130National Health and Medical Research Council of AustraliaNHMRC Principal Research FellowshipFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (1041
Epstein-Barr virus-driven B cell lymphoma mediated by a direct LMP1-TRAF6 complex
Full text linkEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) drives viral B cell transformation and oncogenesis. LMP1’s transforming activity depends on its C-terminal activation region 2 (CTAR2), which induces NF-κB and JNK by engaging TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). The mechanism of TRAF6 recruitment to LMP1 and its role in LMP1 signalling remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that TRAF6 interacts directly with a viral TRAF6 binding motif within CTAR2. Functional and NMR studies supported by molecular modeling provide insight into the architecture of the LMP1-TRAF6 complex, which differs from that of CD40-TRAF6. The direct recruitment of TRAF6 to LMP1 is essential for NF-κB activation by CTAR2 and the survival of LMP1-driven lymphoma. Disruption of the LMP1-TRAF6 complex by inhibitory peptides interferes with the survival of EBV-transformed B cells. In this work, we identify LMP1-TRAF6 as a critical virus-host interface and validate this interaction as a potential therapeutic target in EBV-associated cancer.Epstein-Barr virus causes lymphoma. Here the authors describe a direct complex of the viral oncoprotein LMP1 with the cellular TRAF6 protein as a critical virus-host interface for lymphoma survival and validate this complex as a potential therapeutic target.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (German Center for Infection Research)https://doi.org/10.13039/100009139Life Science Foundatio
Gain Characteristics of Optically Pumped UVC Lasers with Wide AlGaN Single‐Quantum‐Well Active Regions
Full text linkHerein, the lasing threshold and gain characteristics of ultraviolet‐C optically pumped edge‐emitting lasers with thick single‐quantum‐well (SQW) active regions are investigated by the variable‐stripe length method. Positive net modal gain is observed in lasers with AlGaN‐based SQWs with thicknesses up to 12 nm. The lasers show a reduction of the threshold power density with increasing SQW thickness, with the lowest threshold of 1.3 MW cm −2 achieved for a 9 nm SQW laser. The high gain and low threshold in lasers with thick quantum wells are attributed to lasing from excited states, where the polarization fields are screened by the carriers in the fundamental state and the barriers, thus recovering larger electron and hole wavefunctions overlap. These findings are supported by k · p simulations, and for a 9 nm SQW, the calculation predicts a contribution of the fundamental transition to the gain of 75% for non‐resonant optical excitation and below 1% for resonant optical or electrical excitation.The gain characteristics of 275 nm optically pumped edge‐emitting lasers with wide single‐quantum‐wells (SQWs) are investigated. The lasing threshold reduces with increasing SQW width due to the larger confinement factor, with the lowest value of 1.3 MW cm −2 for a 9 nm SQW. In thick AlGaN QWs, simulations predict that both fundamental and excited‐state transitions contribute to achieving positive gain. image © 2024 WILEY‐VCH GmbHLeibniz‐Gemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664Technische Universität Berlin http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/50110000676