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Fußballmigration aus Afrika
No full textViele afrikanische Fußballerinnen und Fußballer hoffen auf eine Karriere in Ligen auf anderen Kontinenten. Wie hat sich Fußballmigration aus Afrika entwickelt? Mit welchen Risiken ist sie verbunden
Universität nachhaltig bauen. Vom Architekturwettbewerb zur gebauten Realität am Campus Passau
No full textIn der Praxis wird für den Bildungssektor, insbesondere für Universitäten, bereits nachhaltig gebaut. Häufig kommen hierzu Architekturwettbewerbe als regulierendes Instrument zum Einsatz. In der Theorie jedoch, im Bereich der Architekturgeschichte, wurde dieses Zusammenspiel noch wenig tiefgreifend behandelt. Vor allem, da es sich um ein architekturhistorisch junges Themenfeld handelt. Speziell über die nachhaltige Bauweise am Campus Passau, der erst in den 1970er Jahren im Zuge eines städtebaulichen Ideen- und Bauwettbewerbes entstand und stetig erweitert wird, und deren Wurzeln ist der Öffentlichkeit wenig bekannt. Um diese Informationslücke zu schließen und die Frage zu beantworten, wie Architekturwettbewerbe im Allgemeinen eine nachhaltige Baukultur für Universitäten begünstigen oder sogar festschreiben können, ist die Dissertation „UNIVERSITÄT NACHHALTIG BAUEN“ entstanden. In ihr wird im Zuge der Erforschung der Architekturgeschichte der Universität Passau analysiert, wie Architekturwettbewerbe die Entstehung ihres nachhaltigen Campus etabliert haben und wie sie das auch weiterhin tun. Somit wird ein signifikanter Beitrag zur architektur- sowie insbesondere ideengeschichtlichen Aufarbeitung von Wettbewerbsverfahren als Instrument nachhaltigen Hochschulbaus geleistet. Im Besonderen wird die Identität der Universität Passau als nachhaltige Hochschule über die Darlegung der Tradition klimafreundlichen Bauens am Campus, welche ihren Ursprung in Konkurrenzen hat, gefestigt. Diese exemplarische Entwicklung mit Leitbildcharakter wird erstmals unter Fokussierung auf ein zukunftsweisendes, aktuell sehr präsentes Thema Nachhaltigkeit, zusammenhängend systematisch dokumentiert, analysiert, kontextualisiert sowie kritisch diskutiert. Ziel dieser Vorgehensweise ist es, einen Nachweis fortdauernder nachhaltiger Baukultur, Architektur sowie nachhaltigen Städtebaus am Beispiel des Campus Passau zu erbringen. Untersucht wird die Zeitspanne ab der Gründung anhand der Analyse der entsprechenden Architekturwettbewerbe, mit Schwerpunkt auf das ursprüngliche Verfahren der 70er Jahre für den Campus am Inn bis hin zum aktuellen Verfahren für den Neubau des Internationalen Wissenschaftszentrums am Spitzberg. Die so entstandenen neuen Erkenntnisse bereichern mittels Brückenschlägen zwischen Theorie und Praxis die Nachhaltigkeitsforschung und den bestehenden architekturwissenschaftlichen Diskurs, eröffnen neue Forschungsperspektiven, werden einer breiten Öffentlichkeit erstmals zugänglich gemacht. Sie können unter anderem als Vorbild und unterstützendes Begleitmaterial zukünftiger Planungen dienen. Hervorzuheben ist dabei immer der Fokus auf die historische Entwicklung, architektonische Revolution und Tradition, die zur heutigen Identität des Campus Passau führte.Sustainable building for education, especially for universities, is already usual in practice. Architectural competitions are therefore frequently used as an instrument of regulation. In the field of history and theory of architecture however, this kind of interaction has rarely been studied profoundly. Particularly, because it is a young theme of architectural history. The sustainable methods of construction for the campus in Passau that was founded in the 1970s by an architectural competition and that grows continuously aren’t well-known in public. Hence this treatise tries to fill this gap and answer the question, how a sustainable building culture can profit form architectural competitions or how it even can be established by them. Because this approach only developed by the intense study of the architectural history of the University of Passau, it shall be analyzed, how architectural competitions have established the birth of a sustainable campus in Passau and how they continue to do so. Thus, a significant contribution to research in architectural history for competition procedures as instrument of a sustainable university architecture can be achieved. Particularly the identity of the University of Passau as sustainable can be revealed by the exploration of the tradition of climate-friendly building on the campus which has its origin in such contests. This exemplary development will be systematically documented, analyzed, contextualized, and critically discussed for the first time with focus on today’s present theme, sustainability. The aim of this procedure is to prove a persisting building culture, architecture as well as sustainable urban planning by the example of the Campus Passau. This period will be examined from the founding by the analysis of the corresponding architectural competitions with main emphasis on the original procedure from the 70s for the campus at the river Inn to the actual process for the new building of the International Centre of Sciences at the Spitzberg. The new achievements should enrich sustainability research and the recent discourse of architectural science in art history. Furthermore, it should open new perspectives of research. The findings should be accessible for the public for the first time. They can be a role model and supporting material for future planning. Meanwhile the focus of this piece of work stays always on the development, tradition and identity of the Campus Passau and its history
Diophantine conditions in the law of the iterated logarithm for lacunary systems
No full textIt is a classical observation that lacunary function systems exhibit many properties which are typical for systems of independent random variables. However, it had already been observed by Erdős and Fortet in the 1950s that probability theory’s limit theorems may fail for lacunary sums (sum f(n_k x)) if the sequence ((n_k)_{k ge 1}) has a strong arithmetic “structure”. The presence of such structure can be assessed in terms of the number of solutions k, l of two-term linear Diophantine equations (an_k - bn_l = c). As the first author proved with Berkes in 2010, saving an (arbitrarily small) unbounded factor for the number of solutions of such equations compared to the trivial upper bound, rules out pathological situations as in the Erdős–Fortet example, and guarantees that (sum f(n_k x)) satisfies the central limit theorem (CLT) in a form which is in accordance with true independence. In contrast, as shown by the first author, for the law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) the Diophantine condition which suffices to ensure “truly independent” behavior requires saving this factor of logarithmic order. In the present paper we show that, rather surprisingly, saving such a logarithmic factor is actually the optimal condition in the LIL case. This result reveals the remarkable fact that the arithmetic condition required of ((n_k)_{k ge 1}) to ensure that (sum f(n_k x)) shows “truly random” behavior is a different one at the level of the CLT than it is at the level of the LIL: the LIL requires a stronger arithmetic condition than the CLT does
Guiding computationally intensive theory development with explainable artificial intelligence: The case of shapley additive explanations
No full textThis study advances the field of Computationally Intensive Theory Development (CTD) by examining the capabilities of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), in particular SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), for theory development, while providing guidelines for this process. We evaluate SHAP’s methodological abilities and develop a structured approach for using SHAP to harness insights from black-box predictive models. For this purpose, we leverage a dual-methodological approach. First, to assess SHAP’s capabilities in uncovering patterns that shape a phenomenon, we conduct a Monte-Carlo simulation study. Second, to illustrate and guide the theory development process with SHAP for CTD, we apply SHAP in a use-case using real-world data. Based on these analyses, we propose a stepwise uniform and replicable approach giving guidance that can benefit rigorous theory development and increase the traceability of the theorizing process. With our structured approach, we contribute to the use of XAI approaches in research and, by uncovering patterns in black-box prediction models, add to the ongoing search for next-generation theorizing methods in the field of Information Systems (IS)
Legal Perspectives on Research Data Storage
No full textResponsibly managing research data has become increasingly important for researchers, especially within the database research community. Despite significant progress in best practices, the state-of-the-art in research data storage is lacking from a legal perspective. We introduce the stakeholders and the dynamic nature of their relationships (such as researchers changing affiliation) and observe that no existing infrastructure for research data storage fully meets their requirements. Therefore, we emphasize the need to design a comprehensive system architecture for research data storage that is aligned with legal considerations from the start, rather than as an afterthought
The minimal spherical dispersion
No full textWe prove upper and lower bounds on the minimal spherical dispersion, improving upon previous estimates obtained by Rote and Tichy in (Anz Österreich Akad Wiss Math Nat Kl 132:3–10, 1995). In particular, we see that the inverse N(ε,d)of the minimal spherical dispersion is, for fixed ε>0, linear in the dimension d of the ambient space. We also derive upper and lower bounds on the expected dispersion for points chosen independently and uniformly at random from the Euclidean unit sphere. In terms of the corresponding inverse N~(ε,d), our bounds are optimal with respect to the dependence on ε
Patentability of brain organoids derived from iPSC : a legal evaluation with interdisciplinary aspects
No full textBrain Organoids in their current state of development are patentable. Future brain organoids may face some challenges in this regard, which I address in this contribution. Brain organoids unproblematically fulfil the general prerequisites of patentability set forth in Art. 3 (1) EU-Directive 98/44/EC (invention, novelty, inventive step and susceptibility of industrial application). Patentability is excluded if an invention makes use of human embryos or constitutes a stage of the human body in the individual phases of its formation and development. Both do not apply to brain organoids, unless ES-cells are used. Art. 6 (1) EU-Directive 98/44/EC excludes patentability for inventions “the commercial exploitation of which would be contrary to ordre public or morality”. While there is no conceivable scenario, in which the commercial application of current brain organoids violates the ordre public , the same is not necessarily true for future brain organoids. Keeping in mind that a development of consciousness-like abilities in future brain organoids cannot be excluded and that an ability for both physical and psychological suffering has been theorized, both of which are aspects of the ordre public , certain applications of future brain organoids may constitute a violation of the ordre public and therefore lead to an exclusion of patentability
Emerging Roots: Investigating Early Access to Meaning in Maltese Auditory Word Recognition
No full textIn Semitic languages, the consonantal root is central to morphology, linking form and meaning. While psycholinguistic studies highlight its importance in language processing, the role of meaning in early lexical access and its representation remain unclear. This study investigates when meaning becomes accessible during the processing of Maltese verb forms, using a computational model based on the Discriminative Lexicon framework. Our model effectively comprehends and produces Maltese verbs, while also predicting response times in a masked auditory priming experiment. Results show that meaning is accessible early in lexical access and becomes more prominent after the target word is fully processed. This suggests that semantic information plays a critical role from the initial stages of lexical access, refining our understanding of real‐time language comprehension. Our findings contribute to theories of lexical access and offer valuable insights for designing priming studies in psycholinguistics. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential of computational models in investigating the relationship between form and meaning in language processing
Parameterized complexity of vertex splitting to pathwidth at most 1
No full textMotivated by the planarization of 2-layered straight-line drawings, we consider the problem of modifying a graph such that the resulting graph has pathwidth at most 1. The problem Pathwidth-One Vertex Explosion (POVE) asks whether such a graph can be obtained using at most vertex explosions, where a vertex explosion replaces a vertex by deg() degree-1 vertices, each incident to exactly one edge that was originally incident to . For POVE, we give an FPT algorithm with running time (4 ⋅ ) and an (2) kernel, thereby improving over the (6) kernel by Ahmed et al. [2] in a more general setting. Similarly, a vertex split replaces a vertex by two distinct vertices 1 and 2 and distributes the edges originally incident to arbitrarily to 1 and 2. Analogously to POVE, we define the problem variant Pathwidth-One Vertex Splitting
(POVS) that uses the split operation instead of vertex explosions. Here we obtain a linear kernel and an algorithm with running time ((6 + 12) ⋅ ). This answers an open question by Ahmed et al. [2].
Finally, we consider the problem Π-VertexSplitting (Π-VS), which generalizes the problem POVS and asks whether a given graph can be turned into a graph of a specific graph class Π using at most vertex splits. For graph classes Π that can be dfined
in monadic second-order graph logic (MSO2), we show that the problem Π-VS can be expressed as an MSO2 formula, resulting in an FPT algorithm for Π-VS parameterized by if Π additionally has bounded treewidth. We obtain the same result for the problem variant using vertex explosions.
[2]
R. Ahmed, S.G. Kobourov, M. Kryven, An FPT algorithm for bipartite vertex splitting, in: P. Angelini, R. von Hanxleden (Eds.), Graph Drawing and Network Visualization -30th International Symposium, GD 2022, in: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.13764, Springer, 2022, pp.261--268
Populismus und Medien - Visuelle Darstellungen politischer Akteure auf Magazincovern
No full textBislang beschränkte sich die inhaltsanalytische Populismusforschung überwiegend auf textuelle Botschaften, wie etwa Parteiprogramme, Zeitungsartikel oder Online Foren. Erst seit wenigen Jahren werden zunehmend auch visuell vermittelte Botschaften im Zusammenhang mit Populismus Gegenstand politik- und kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Untersuchung. Durch eine Verknüpfung des Ansatzes der Visuellen Politik mit einer Konzeptualisierung von Populismus als Kommunikationsphänomen versteht sich die vorliegende Dissertation als Beitrag zur Erforschung einer Visuellen Politik des Populismus (Moffitt 2022). Empirisch nimmt der Autor die Medienebene in den Fokus und konzentriert sich hierbei auf die ikonographisch-ikonologische Analyse von Magazincovern. So werden einerseits visuelle Darstellungen populistischer Akteure auf den Titelseiten des Nachrichtenmagazins Der Spiegel (Klumpp 2020, 2022) sowie andererseits visuelle Darstellungen des politischen Personals insgesamt auf Covern von Der Spiegel und Compact mittels Bildtypenanalyse (Klumpp 2023) untersucht