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Progress, challenges and prospects of the modified Taungya system in Ghana
No full textForest landscape restoration through agroforestry has been implemented as a Nature-based Solution to deforestation in the Global South with varied outcomes. The Modified Taungya System (MTS) is one of such programmes introduced in Ghana to address socio-economically-induced degradation of forest reserves. For two decades since its establishment, there has not been any examination of a synthesised findings on the MTS and their implication for the prospects of the programme. Using the PRISMA method to select empirical studies, this article examines the state of reforestation under the MTS by reflecting on the conditions of success and failures of the programme. In doing so, two interrelated arguments are advanced. First, the MTS seems to be successful when farmers are well-educated about the programme and their future benefits in the reserves that they enrich. Second, the MTS has largely failed to achieve its full potentials for forest recovery due to bribery, corruption and nepotism that have bedevilled land demarcation to, and delays in signing benefit sharing agreement with, farmers. There is a need for a thorough sensitisation on the MTS to enhance its transparency. Besides, the MTS needs to be remodified if it would be one of the strategies to contribute to the Bonn Challenge and for a durable climate mitigation
Studying the explanations for the automated prediction of bug and non-bug issues using LIME and SHAP
No full textContext
The identification of bugs within issues reported to an issue tracking system is crucial for triage. Machine learning models have shown promising results for this task. However, we have only limited knowledge of how such models identify bugs. Explainable AI methods like LIME and SHAP can be used to increase this knowledge.
Objective
We want to understand if explainable AI provides explanations that are reasonable to us as humans and align with our assumptions about the model’s decision-making. We also want to know if the quality of predictions is correlated with the quality of explanations.
Methods
We conduct a study where we rate LIME and SHAP explanations based on their quality of explaining the outcome of an issue type prediction model. For this, we rate the quality of the explanations, i.e., if they align with our expectations and help us understand the underlying machine learning model.
Results
We found that both LIME and SHAP give reasonable explanations and that correct predictions are well explained. Further, we found that SHAP outperforms LIME due to a lower ambiguity and a higher contextuality that can be attributed to the ability of the deep SHAP variant to capture sentence fragments.
Conclusion
We conclude that the model finds explainable signals for both bugs and non-bugs. Also, we recommend that research dealing with the quality of explanations for classification tasks reports and investigates rater agreement, since the rating of explanations is highly subjective
Grenzregionen in der COVID-19-Pandemie : wie der „Grenzschock“ die Oberrheinregion veränderte
No full textAm Beispiel der trinationalen Oberrheinregion geht dieser Artikel der Frage nach, auf welche Weise sich die im Zuge der COVID-19-Pandemie im Jahr 2020 vollzogenen Grenzschließungen und die damit verbundenen Grenzerfahrungen auf die grenzüberschreitenden Beziehungen von lokalen Akteur*innen in Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft ausgewirkt haben. Anhand qualitativer Interviewdaten zeigen wir, wie dieser pandemiebedingte „Grenzschock“ aufgenommen und der grenzüberschreitende politische und soziale Zusammenhalt auf die Probe gestellt wurde, wie aber auch die Zusammenarbeit nach einer Zeit der Irritation an die neue Situation angepasst werden konnte. Dabei befand sich die grenzüberschreitende Zusammenarbeit in dieser Zeit in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen politisch-administrativen Vorgaben der jeweiligen nationalen Zentren und den lokal spezifischen Anforderungen einer peripher gelegenen Grenzregion. Die Daten zeigen, dass die Akteur*innen in der Oberrheinregion bei der Überwindung dieses „Grenzschocks“ auf langjährig etablierte Strukturen und Erfahrungen in der grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit zurückgreifen konnten. Die Erfahrungen während der Pandemie sorgten dabei zudem für neue Impulse für die grenzüberschreitende Zusammenarbeit in der Oberrheinregion und stärkten den politischen Willen dafür auf verschiedenen Ebenen. Damit leistet der Artikel einen explorativen Beitrag zu den Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf Grenzregionen.Taking the trinational Upper Rhine region as an example, this article explores the ways in which the border closures implemented in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and the associated border experiences have affected cross-border relations of local actors in politics, economy, and society. Using qualitative interview data, we show how this pandemic-related “border shock” was received and how cross-border political and social cohesion was put to the test, but also how cooperation was able to adapt to the new situation after a period of confusion. At the same time, cross-border cooperation during this period was caught in the tension between the political-administrative guidelines of the respective national centers and the locally specific requirements of a peripherally located border region. The data show that the actors in the Upper Rhine region were able to draw on long-established structures and experience in cross-border cooperation to overcome this “border shock.” The experiences during the pandemic also provided new impulses for cross-border cooperation in the Upper Rhine region and strengthened the political will for this at various levels. Thus, the article makes an explorative contribution to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on border regions
In Data We Trust: Three Essays on Consumers' Trust-Based Decision-Making Strategies in Privacy-Relevant Online Contexts
No full textTechnological advancements and new legal requirements are continuously changing the online data disclosure landscape in terms of both, the quantity and quality of data that firms can acquire. Nowadays, consumers are required to disclose personal data online multiple times a day and in a variety of different contexts, such as creating user profiles, online payment or using location-based services. Despite consumers’ increasing online privacy concerns, firms rely ever more strongly on consumer data that they convert into a competitive advantage through personalized product recommendations and targeted advertising. In an effort to encourage consumer data disclosure, many firms have focused on building trust as a way to counterbalance privacy concerns and mitigate risk perceptions. Correspondingly, marketing literature has continued to examine the interplay of trust and consumer privacy concerns. While the extant research has considerably advanced our understanding of the role of trust in privacy-related decision-making, the majority of studies has mainly focused on single-stage, dyadic disclosure settings and cognitive decision-making processes.
Against this background, the overarching goal of this thesis is to shed light on under-researched data disclosure contexts involving trust and to explore additional facets of the underlying decision-making processes. For example, considering pre- and post-disclosure stages when evaluating consumers’ data disclosure decisions allows for a more holistic picture of the decision-making process. Similarly, social media and sharing economy settings challenge the traditional assumption of purely dyadic consumer-firm data disclosure, thus extending traditional conceptualizations of trust. Across three independent essays, this thesis addresses the overarching research question of how the peculiarities of multi-stage and multi-actor settings shape consumers’ trust-based decision-making strategies
Ecofeminism and the Gothic Archives of American Folk Horror : Shadows of the Anthropos
No full textThis study explores American folk horror as a mode of inquiry into the literary, cultural, filmic, ecological, and political histories of the United States. By using ecofeminist theory to read American folk horror against its roots in the frontier gothic, a genre concerned with the realities and afterlives of American settler colonialism, in turn inextricably linked with the U.S.' founding myths and national narratives that developed since the arrival of the first European settlers, my approach uncovers the dual and simultaneous exploitation of women and nature since 1492, focusing on the ways human and non-human Others continue to be at the mercy of anthropocentric and capitalocentric systems.
American folk horror as genre, and the frontier gothic as its archive, allows us to see the ways American founding narratives serve as and word like folklore, contributing to the perpetuation of discrimination against underprivileged groups, especially those who are seen as nature, like women.
This book offers a lengthy theorization of the genre as well as both ecofeminist readings of select texts of American folk horror (Darren Aronofsky's mother!, Shirley Jackson's We Have Always Lived in the Castle, Robert Eggers's The VVitch: A New-England Folktale) and a first discussion of a potential corpus of the genre ranging from frontier gothic literature and contemporary film to video games of the 2020s
The Implementation of Inclusive Gifted Education - an Intervention Study
No full textIn der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit wird das zweijährige Pilotprojekt „BegIN-Begabungsförderung in Niederbayern“ wissenschaftlich begleitet. Im Zuge des Implementierungsprojekts werden Kriterien für ein Begabungssiegel entwickelt, mit dem die neun teilnehmenden Pilotprojektschulen für drei Jahre zertifiziert werden sollen. Um die Lehrpersonen bei der Unterrichtsentwicklung zu unterstützen, wird mit Lehrer:innenfortbildungen interveniert.
Alle Schulleiter:innen der teilnehmenden Pilotprojektschulen und ein Vertreter der Schulbehörde werden in zwei Erhebungszeiträumen um ihre Einschätzungen bezüglich ihres Begriffsverständnisses, ihrer Erwartungshaltungen, der auftretenden Herausforderungen und der notwendigen Rahmenbedingungen interviewt. Zusätzlich werden die Lehrpersonen der teilnehmenden Pilotprojektschulen ebenfalls zu zwei Zeitpunkten in einem Abstand von einem Jahr quantitativ zu
ihren subjektiven Einschätzungen bezüglich der Umsetzung von Inklusiver Begabungsförderung befragt.
Es werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zahlreiche förderliche und einige hemmende Einflussfaktoren bei der Implementierung Inklusiver Begabungsförderung untersucht, die Schulen in ihren Entwicklungsprozessen im Kontext Inklusiver Begabungsförderung miteinbeziehen und berücksichtigt können. Dadurch kann Inklusive Begabungsförderung allen Schüler:innen zugute kommen.This dissertation provides scientific support for the two-year pilot project „BegIN - promoting giftedness in Lower Bavaria". In the course of the implementation project, criteria for a seal of potential and giftedness are being developed, with which the nine participating pilot project schools are to be certified for three years. In order to support teachers in the development of their lessons, teacher training courses are being organised.
All headteachers of the participating pilot project schools and a representative of the school authorities will be interviewed at two survey periods to obtain their views on their understanding of the term, their expectations, challenges and the necessary framework conditions. In addition, the teachers of the participating pilot project schools will also be quantitatively surveyed at two points in time, one year apart, about their subjective assessments regarding the implementation of inclusive gifted education. Within the scope of this work, numerous favourable and some inhibiting factors in the implementation of inclusive gifted education are examined, which schools can include and take into account in their development processes in the context of inclusive gifted education. In this way, inclusive gifted education can benefit all pupils
Understanding Individuals’ Willingness for Prosocial Data Disclosure: Exploring Antecedents and Investigating Strategies for its Promotion
No full textPrivacy research has traditionally focused on understanding individuals' behavior in disclosing personal data by assuming that individuals disclose their data mainly out of self-interest. However, in many contexts, individuals disclose their data primarily for the benefit of others and society, thereby showing a form of prosocial behavior. This dissertation conceptualizes these types of data disclosure as prosocial data disclosures and argues that existing privacy research frameworks, such as the privacy calculus, have not been sufficiently applied in privacy research and need to be reevaluated to fully capture the complexities of prosocial data disclosures. Despite the growing relevance of understanding individuals’ willingness for prosocial data disclosures, existing research in this field is limited. This dissertation consists of four essays that seek to deepen the understanding of the underlying decision-making processes of individuals by exploring the antecedents and investigating strategies that promote prosocial data disclosure. By employing different research methods, including systematic literature reviews, qualitative and quantitative surveys, interviews, workshops, and conjoint analysis, this dissertation contributes to the identification of the multifaceted antecedents of prosocial data disclosure which can be classified into different drivers and barriers. Furthermore, by integrating insights from different disciplines such as behavioral economics, social psychology, and information systems research, this dissertation provides empirical evidence for the use of message framing and the deliberate emphasis on impact uncertainty as two promising strategies in promoting prosocial data disclosure. The findings derived from all four essays inform privacy research and prosocial behavior research about the need for sophisticated theories that are capable of better capturing the complexities of prosocial data disclosure. Additionally, the findings offer practical implications for designing ethically responsible data disclosure practices while respecting individual privacy rights
Constrained Planarity Algorithms in Theory and Practice
No full textIn the constrained planarity setting, we ask whether a graph admits a crossing-free drawing that additionally satisfies a given set of constraints. These constraints are often derived from very natural problems; prominent examples are Level Planarity, where vertices have to lie on given horizontal lines indicating a hierarchy, Partially Embedded Planarity, where we extend a given drawing without modifying already-drawn parts, and Clustered Planarity, where we additionally draw the boundaries of clusters which recursively group the vertices in a crossing-free manner. In the last years, the family of constrained planarity problems received a lot of attention in the field of graph drawing. Efficient algorithms were discovered for many of them, while a few others turned out to be NP-complete. In contrast to the extensive theoretical considerations and the direct motivation by applications, only very few of the found algorithms have been implemented and evaluated in practice.
The goal of this thesis is to advance the research on both theoretical as well as practical aspects of constrained planarity. On the theoretical side, we consider two types of constrained planarity problems. The first type are problems that individually constrain the rotations of vertices, that is they restrict the counter-clockwise cyclic orders of the edges incident to vertices. We give a simple linear-time algorithm for the problem Partially Embedded Planarity, which also generalizes to further constrained planarity variants of this type.
The second type of constrained planarity problem concerns more involved planarity variants that come down to the question whether there are embeddings of one or multiple graphs such that the rotations of certain vertices are in sync in a certain way. Clustered Planarity and a variant of the Simultaneous Embedding with Fixed Edges Problem (Connected SEFE-2) are well-known problems of this type. Both are generalized by our Synchronized Planarity problem, for which we give a quadratic algorithm. Through reductions from various other problems, we provide a unified modelling framework for almost all known efficiently solvable constrained planarity variants that also directly provides a quadratic-time solution to all of them.
For both our algorithms, a key ingredient for reaching an efficient solution is the usage of the right data structure for the problem at hand. In this case, these data structures are the SPQR-tree and the PC-tree, which describe planar embedding possibilities from a global and a local perspective, respectively. More specifically, PC-trees can be used to locally describe the possible cyclic orders of edges around vertices in all planar embeddings of a graph. This makes it a key component for our algorithms, as it allows us to test planarity while also respecting further constraints, and to communicate constraints arising from the surrounding graph structure between vertices with synchronized rotation.
Bridging over to the practical side, we present the first correct implementation of PC-trees. We also describe further improvements, which allow us to outperform all implementations of alternative data structures (out of which we only found very few to be fully correct) by at least a factor of 4. We show that this yields a simple and competitive planarity test that can also yield an embedding to certify planarity. We also use our PC-tree implementation to implement our quadratic algorithm for solving Synchronized Planarity. Here, we show that our algorithm greatly outperforms previous attempts at solving related problems like Clustered Planarity in practice. We also engineer its running time and show how degrees of freedom in the theoretical algorithm can be leveraged to yield an up to tenfold speed-up in practice
4 Essays on Sustainable Development and Organizations’ Response to Stakeholder’s Expectations
No full textAs integral part of the society, environment, and economy, the organization’s survival and growth depend on legitimacy which reflects the social support and acceptance of its stakeholders, the institutions and individuals it interacts with. Organizations interact with internal and external stakeholder groups which not necessarily have the same legitimacy expectations. Due to several reasons, such as the adoption of new laws or the invention of new technologies, stakeholders’ expectations of legitimate actions can change in the course of time. Thus, to respond to changing stakeholder’s expectations, as integral part of a changing environment, is complex.
The main objective of this dissertation is to answer the research question: “How do organizations respond to changing stakeholder’s expectations in context of sustainable development?”. Building on two empirical settings with four essays, this dissertation provides insights into organizations’ responses as reaction to changing stakeholder expectations with regard to sustainable development. In particular, it takes a closer look on the interplay between internal stakeholders, such as employees, and external stakeholders, such as politics or customers. The first essay summarizes the organizational factors for the implementation of a research data management (RDM) system within higher education institutes (HEI) and how they interact with each other. Based on Leavitt’s (1965) classical model of organizational change, the essay provides an overview about the interrelation between the individual components that make up an RDM system. The second essay investigates how early career researchers within HEI make use of different respond strategies to the state, market, professional, and community logic in context of RDM. It provides insights how employees deal with changing environmental conditions and the organization’s response to them. The third essay analyses the shift from voluntary to mandatory sustainability reporting and demonstrates different strategies organizations adopt to respond to it. The fourth essay incorporates the findings of the third essay and investigates which factors influence the organization’s strategy
to respond. It focuses on the interface between the top management team and the chief executive officer.
This dissertation makes at least two overall contributions to management and organization studies research. First, it emphasizes the role of different stakeholder groups and their impact on the organizations’ activities. Second, this dissertation shows the value of connecting different theoretical approaches such as institutional logics, upper echelon theory, and organizational transparency research in context of organizational legitimacy and demonstrates that a nuanced view is necessary to understand the concept of organizational legitimacy. This cumulative dissertation is structured as follows. Part A is an introduction to the study organizational legitimacy. Part B contains the four essays
Poor Economics and the Long Term: Empirical Essays on Energy and Economic Poverty
No full textThis dissertation explores different aspects of poverty specific to urban and rural areas. The first two chapters examine energy access for poor urban households, emphasizing the need for effective energy policies that ensure access while considering environmental and climate impacts. The final two chapters analyze the long-term effects of transfer programs targeting poor rural households, aiming to overcome poverty traps. The dissertation expands the methodological toolkit typically used in economics, addressing increasing concerns about the generalizability of experimental results, the narrow focus of research question in causal research, and the credibility crisis of empirical research