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Does scarcity induce hostility? An experimental investigation of common-pool resources
No full textClimate change is leading to an increased scarcity of resources such as freshwater, energy, arable land and wildlife. This is perceived as a major security threat. However, the literature remains unclear on whether scarcity mitigates or exacerbates conflict. We design a novel laboratory experiment to investigate hostile behavior under scarcity. Participants interact repeatedly in a dynamic common-pool resource (CPR) and a joy-of-destruction game. The experiment distinguishes between two types of scarcity: Endogenous scarcity in the form of a deliberate human choice to overexploit resources and exogenous scarcity in the form of adverse environmental conditions. Our results show that endogenous scarcity exacerbates hostility. We trace this to participants being guided by negative reciprocity while finding no support for inequality aversion. The results indicate that to avoid hostility, policy makers will have to reduce human-induced scarcity. However, our results also show that exogenous scarcity mitigates hostility. This is in line with a vast body of literature from psychology, anthropology and biology finding increased levels of cooperation for all forms of life under environmental distress. It suggests that managing perceptions around increasing scarcities could be a second potential avenue for policy action
The joint spectral radius is pointwise Hölder continuous
No full textWe show that the joint spectral radius is pointwise Hölder continuous. In addition, the joint spectral radius is locally Hölder continuous for ε-inflations. In the two-dimensional case, local Hölder continuity holds on the matrix sets with positive joint spectral radius
Taking the First Step on the Consumer Privacy Journey - Three Essays on Consumers' Privacy-Related Decision-Making
No full textData has become a necessary resource for firm operations in the modern digital world, explaining their growing data gathering efforts. Due to this development, consumers are confronted with decisions to disclose personal data on a daily basis, and have become increasingly intentional about data sharing. While this reluctance to disclose personal data poses challenges for firms, at the same time, it also creates new opportunities for improving privacy-related interactions with customers. This dissertation advocates for a more holistic perspective on consumers’ privacy-related decision-making and introduces the consumer privacy journey consisting of three subsequent phases: pre data disclosure, data disclosure, post data disclosure. In three independent essays, I stress the importance of investigating data requests (i.e., the first step of this journey) as they represent a largely neglected, yet, potentially powerful means to influence consumers’ decision-making and decision-evaluation processes. Based on dual-processing models of decision-making, this dissertation focuses on both consumers’ cognitive and affective evaluations of privacy-related information: First, Essay 1 offers novel conceptualizations and operationalizations of consumers’ perceived behavioral control over personal data (i.e., cognitive processing) in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based data disclosure processes. Next, Essay 2 examines consumers’ cognitive and affective processing of a data request that entails relevance arguments as well as relevance-illustrating game elements. Finally, Essay 3 categorizes affective cues that trigger consumers’ affective processing of a data request and proposes that such cues need to fit with a specific data disclosure situation to foster long-term decision satisfaction. Collectively, my findings provide research and practice with new insights into consumers’ privacy perceptions and behaviors, which are particularly valuable in the context of complex, new (technology-enabled) data disclosure situations
Three essays on b2b solution selling - challenges in sales, contracting, and pricing
No full textOffering solutions impose manifold challenges on suppliers. To master these challenges, suppliers need excellent commercial capabilities. This thesis considers these challenges and opportunities in sales, contracting, and pricing of complex B2B solutions in three essays:
Essay 1 addresses the increased complexity for solution salespeople, who represent an essential strategic asset in solution selling. In-depth interviews with solution sales managers in study 1 and survey data from matched sales manager-salesperson dyads in study 2, reveal nine specific equifinal configurations of key personal and procedural competencies that qualify individual salespeople in their role and thus determine their solution sales success.
The focus of essay 2 lies on B2B export relationships for complex product-service combinations in an international context. A regression analysis based on a survey study with 198 responses shows several direct and indirect effects of contractual and cultural constructs. The results give insights under which cultural framework conditions contract specificity serves as a safeguarding mechanism against uncertainty and opportunism.
Essay 3 examines how the bidirectional agency relationship between suppliers and customers and the performance uncertainty of a solution influence B2B customers’ acceptance of performance-based pricing (PBP). Drawing on a cross-industry survey with 196 managers of B2B firms, this study contributes to extend PBP literature by showing how bidirectional agency relationships shape customers’ acceptance of PBP.
In sum, this thesis contributes to a better understanding on how to optimize commercial capabilities in the context of national and international solution selling. It thereby focuses on addressing recently identified causes that hinder B2B firms from increasing their margins through solution selling by
(1) optimizing the sales force through a better understanding of important resources and capabilities for solution selling,
(2) optimizing their contractual set-up through a better understanding of cultural factors and the interplay with contract specificity, and
3) optimizing price policy through a better understanding of framework conditions, which have an impact on customers’ acceptance of PBP
Essays on Trust, Behavior, and Decision-Making in the Human-Algorithm Interaction
No full textWith recent progresses in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), algorithms can support more complex tasks (Frey and Osborne, 2017) that seemed safe from automation a few years ago (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2012). They can even outperform human decision-making in many task domains (Meehl, 1954; Dawes et al., 1989). The prominent defeat of Garry Kasparov, the world champion in chess, in 1997 is a milestone for the potentials of algorithms, increasing the value of IBM’s stock increased by $18 billion (Norvig and Russell, 2010). More recently, universal chatbots such as ChatGPT and the Bing Chatbot Sydney can influence millions of users and provide them answers to a broad range of tasks.
To gain a competitive edge, companies invest heavily in algorithmic systems (Kappelman et al., 2021), which are considered as one of the most important drivers of today’s economy (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2011; Hogharth and Makridakis, 1981; Önkal et al., 2019). Particularly in management accounting, an algorithmic data analysis offers the potential to support a high decision quality, making their usage a key factor for success.
However, algorithms can not only support, but also manipulate human decision-making (Roose et al., 2023). Algorithmic advice can lead to overtrust, i.e. to the heuristic replacement of vigilant information seeking and processing in favor of the advice provided (Mosier et al., 2001). The implementation of algorithmic decision support systems is thus no panacea to improve human decision-making. In contrast, they can entail new risks, such as the uncritical use of these algorithms (Boden, 2016). Yet, this ‘dark side’ of algorithms is not sufficiently investigated in the field of management accounting. With advances in machine learning, algorithmic support can become even more of a black box, blurring the reference points for evaluating its advice quality and thus increasing the risk of overtrust. Stephen Hawking even warns that AI will be “either the best, or the worst thing, ever to happen to humanity” (Alex Hern in: The Guardian: Stephen Hawking: AI will be 'either best or worst thing' for humanity, 19th October 2016). Interacting with such algorithmic systems therefore requires data literacy skills for an appropriate use. They seem to be a crucial prerequisite in today’s data-driven world to reap of the benefits of algorithmic systems. If no reflective and critical interaction between human and algorithm can be ensured, the trend towards a digitalized world will be a race against the algorithm (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2011).
This dissertation takes this understudied critical perspective on the increasing implementation of algorithmic systems and sheds light on different aspects of human-algorithm interaction, ranging from the ability to use data visualization tools to trust calibrations and critical evaluations of algorithmic advices. Study I investigates an adequate information representation of subjective multiple criteria decision problems, an important task in management accounting, to support human decision-making. Study II distinguishes different designs of the human-algorithm interaction investigated in the trust in automation literature and compiles factors influencing the calibration of trust and behavior toward the true capabilities of the algorithm. Study III examines the role of performance feedback on trust and advice usage in a forecasting task for a better understanding of the recently observed phenomenon ‘algorithm aversion’. Finally, Study IV focusses on the risk of overtrust in advice in repeated interactions with a forecasting advisor and investigates the calibration of advice usage. Each study thereby represents an independent contribution and contains all information relevant to the respective research questions asked in the study
Fahrradfreundliche Stadtentwicklung: Eine vergleichende Analyse der Wahrnehmung der Fahrradfreundlichkeit von Touristen und Einheimischen in Gunzenhausen im Fränkischen Seenland
No full textDie ansteigende Relevanz umweltfreundlicher Mobilität und die gesteigerte Förderung des Fahrradfahrens in städtischen Gebieten spiegeln den verstärkten Fokus auf nachhaltige Verkehrsmittel wider. Städte müssen auf die zunehmenden Verkehrsbelastungen und Umweltprobleme reagieren, wobei der Fahrradverkehr als eine umweltfreundliche Alternative eine wichtige Rolle einnimmt. In diesem Kontext richtet sich die Aufmerksamkeit dieser Arbeit auf Gunzenhausen, eine Stadt im Fränkischen Seenland, die sich bereits seit Jahren aktiv darum bemüht, ihre Fahrradfreundlichkeit zu verbessern. Die im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung durch geführten Umfrage konzentriert sich auf die unterschiedliche Wahrnehmung der Fahrradfreundlichkeit zwischen Einheimischen und Touristen. Dabei ist von Interesse, ob und in welchem Ausmaß diese beiden Gruppen Unterschiede in ihrer Wahrnehmung der Fahrradfreundlichkeit in Gunzenhausen aufweisen. Die Analyse der Ergebnisse macht differierende Ansichten zwischen Einheimischen und Touristen hinsichtlich der Fahrradfreundlichkeit sichtbar. Diese Unterschiede reflektieren individuelle Perspektiven und Erfahrungen, die relevante Konsequenzen für zukünftige Stadtentwicklung darstellen können. Trotz eher geringer Unterschiede ist es wichtig, diese verschiedenen Sichtweisen zu berücksichtigen, um eine weitere Auseinanderentwicklung zu vermeiden. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse betonen die Notwendigkeit, ebendiese Unterschiede genauer zu erforschen, um die Fahrradfreundlichkeit in Gunzenhausen zu verbessern und die Ansichten von Einheimischen und Touristen sogar angleichen zu können. Im Kontext der globalen Entwicklung hin zu nachhaltigen Verkehrsmitteln und umweltfreundlichen Mobilitätslösungen gewinnt die Analyse der Fahrradfreundlichkeit in Städten wie Gunzenhausen immer mehr an Relevanz. Die Ergebnisse und die daraus folgenden Erkenntnisse dieser Untersuchung können als Grundlage für eine an den Bedürfnissen verschiedener Bevölkerungsgruppen ausgerichtete Stadtentwicklung dienen. Sowohl die Zukunft des Radfahrens als Verkehrsmittel als auch die Erhaltung und Erweiterung seiner Attraktivität bleiben in Bezug auf die Anpassung städtischer Infrastrukturen weiterhin von Interesse. Die Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Perspektiven, wie die für diese Arbeit ausgewählten, kann dabei helfen, eine umfassendere Mobilitätsstrategie zu entwickeln, die die Stadt Gunzenhausen und ähnliche Gebiete umweltfreundlicher und auch lebenswerter gestaltet
amore patriae: Kulturgeschichtliche Betrachtungen zur Rolle von Partikularsynoden im politischen System Polen-Litauens in den Jahren 1447-1643
No full textIn der Frühen Neuzeit waren Kirche und weltliche Politik eng verflochten. Die katholischen Synoden im frühneuzeitlichen Polen-Litauen bildeten hiervon keine Ausnahme: Obwohl Versammlungen des Klerus, waren sie stark ins politische System eingebunden, das sich zu einer Wahlmonarchie mit starkem Adel und parlamentarischen Elementen entwickelte. Diese Arbeit untersucht systematisch die politischen Aspekte der Provinzial- und Primatialsynoden in Polen-Litauen von 1447 bis 1643 aus der Perspektive der Kulturgeschichte des Politischen.
Zunächst wurde eine bereinigte Liste aller Synoden erstellt, um Frequenz und Verteilung zu analysieren und diese mit der Aktivität des Reichstags zu vergleichen. Die Arbeit untersucht in der Folge die institutionelle Ausformung der Synoden, ihre Vor- und Nachbereitung sowie die Abläufe und Beratungen. Zudem beleuchtet sie die Funktionen, die diese Klerus-Versammlungen im politischen System erfüllten, und den Beziehungen, die sie zu anderen politischen Akteuren ‒ insbesondere dem König, dem Adel und dem Reichstag ‒ unterhielten.
Da sich im Untersuchungszeitraum von zweihundert Jahren erhebliche Veränderungen in Häufigkeit, Funktionen und politischen Beziehungen zeigten, wurde dieser in vier Abschnitte zu je rund fünfzig Jahren gegliedert: Die erste Phase deckt sich weitestgehend mit der Regentschaft Kazimierzs IV (1447-1492), in der sich die parlamentarischen Elemente im politischen System Polen-Litauens herausbildeten. In der zweiten Phase (1493-1561) traf das nun voll entwickelte System auf eine rege Synodaltätigkeit. Der dritte Abschnitt beleuchtet die Phase nach dem abrupten Einbruch der Synodaltätigkeit (1561-1600). Der vierte Abschnitt (1600-1643) untersucht das moderate Wiederaufleben der Synoden in jener Epoche, in der sich das politische System durch ein Erstarken des Klientelwesens veränderte. Innerhalb jedes Abschnitts werden die vier Hauptfragen nach Frequenz, institutioneller Ausformung, Funktionen und Beziehungen zu politischen Akteuren behandelt.In the Early Modern period, church and secular politics were closely intertwined. The Catholic synods in early modern Poland-Lithuania were no exception: although they were assemblies of the clergy, they were deeply embedded in the political system, which evolved into an elective monarchy with a powerful nobility and parliamentary elements. This study systematically examines the political aspects of the provincial and primatial synods in Poland-Lithuania from 1447 to 1643 from the perspective of the cultural history of politics.
First, a cleaned list of all synods was compiled to analyze their frequency and distribution and to compare them with the activity of the Sejm (parliament). The study then examines the institutional structure of the synods, their preparation and follow-up, as well as the proceedings and deliberations. It also highlights the functions these clerical assemblies fulfilled within the political system and their relationships with other political actors—particularly the king, the nobility, and the Sejm.
Given the significant changes in frequency, functions, and political relationships over the two-hundred-year period, the study is divided into four sections of approximately fifty years each: The first phase largely coincides with the reign of Kazimierz IV (1447-1492), during which the parliamentary elements of the political system in Poland-Lithuania emerged. In the second phase (1493-1561), this now fully developed system coincided with active synodal activity. The third section examines the phase following the abrupt decline in synodal activity (1561-1600). The fourth section (1600-1643) explores the moderate revival of the synods during the period when the political system was transformed by a strong increase of clientelism. Within each section, the four main questions regarding the frequency, institutional structure, functions, and relationships of the synods with political actors are addressed
Holistic Security Engineering for Software-Defined Vehicles
No full textWith the increasing use of digital technologies in the automotive sector, the traditional automobile is undergoing a structural transformation, requiring new technologies and enabling innovative mobility concepts.
In particular, the ability to drive automatically or even fully autonomously, update control software, and remain connected to the environment allows attackers to infiltrate highly critical vehicle systems and take control without adequate protection.
Once not only individual vehicles but entire fleets are dominated by software, cyberattacks could disrupt a significant portion of the infrastructure and expose passengers to substantial risks.
This work follows a holistic approach to protecting highly automated software-defined vehicles from cyberattacks by designing and implementing security concepts in the main phases of a vehicle's lifecycle.
We use SAE level 4 prototype vehicles to evaluate our proposed techniques.
We start with a systematic security requirement analysis using the ISA-62443 standard series, demonstrating how threats can be identified in a collaborative, hierarchical process and how the resulting security risks impact the software and hardware architecture of a self-driving vehicle.
We show how this analysis process results in concrete requirements whose consideration reduces the overall security risk to a tolerable level.
Subsequently, we develop technical solutions for selected requirements. We begin by securing the CAN and FlexRay legacy protocols, which we foresee being used in specific areas of SDV in a transitional period despite technological changes.
To enable vehicle-wide security management, we address the management and distribution of cryptographic keys within such networks, mainly focusing on resource-constrained devices.
We propose using lightweight implicit certificates for deriving cryptographic group keys that can be used in CAN networks.
Additionally, we demonstrate how the slot-based frame structure of the FlexRay protocol allows for efficient "multi-slot" authentication, for which we calculate cryptographic keys using hash-based key chains.
SDV use Ethernet-based communication protocols and custom middleware stacks to transmit large amounts of data in real-time.
We develop a three-stage security process for the novel ASOA, which enables the development and central orchestration of system-agnostic functional software components on embedded systems and HPC platforms.
After the central specification of the security architecture at the data flow level, security tokens are automatically calculated and distributed for runtime protection of the service-oriented, DDS-based data transmission.
Our process ensures the strict separation of function and system knowledge, allowing for cost-effective and adaptable security architecture management.
The evaluation in four self-driving, software-defined vehicles demonstrates an average runtime overhead of approximately 5.71%.
As the initial risk analysis and actual cyberattacks have shown, protective measures against the compromise of control units must be taken alongside communication security.
To address this, we develop a method for verifying and validating the software integrity of control units.
A governmental third party confirms a measurement through a digital certificate, proving the examined vehicle's trustworthiness and suitability for participation in automated traffic.
In the final step of this work, we present an assessment scheme that allows software-defined vehicles to evaluate security incidents during operation in terms of their maximum expected damage and initiate appropriate countermeasures.
We follow the ISO/SAE 21434 standard and model attack paths using a graph representing dependencies among internal vehicle assets to account for the propagation effects of cyberattacks.
The assessment of a security incident considers not only the probability of individual attack paths but also the vehicle context.
Our practical evaluation demonstrates that we can detect, report, and assess security incidents below the human reaction time in the earlier mentioned prototype vehicles
40 Jahre Lehrkräftebildung an der Universität Passau: Ein- und Ausblicke
No full textsiehe auch 2. Version (um einen Beitrag erweitert):
https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:739-opus4-14671
https://doi.org/10.15475/paradigma.2024.1
Inhalt
Vorwort |1
Matthias Brandl
Didaktik der Deutschen Sprache und Literatur |6
Walter Seifert, Karla Müller & Markus Pissarek
„Deutsch als Zweitsprache“ als Bestandteil der Lehrer*innen-Bildung in Deutschland, Bayern und Passau: Ein Rückblick auf die Entwicklung des Faches anhand von Expert*innen-Interviews |13
Julia Ricart Brede & Sibylle Draber
Didaktik der Mathematik |23
Matthias Brandl, Birgit Brandl & Stefanie Winkler
Musikpädagogik im Didaktikfach – Einblicke in die Besonderheiten des Musikunterrichts |34
Gabriele Schellberg & Christina Fehrenbach
Psychologie für den Lehrberuf an der Universität Passau |48
Detlef Urhahne, Judith Schweppe und Susanne Mayr
Von der Katechese zur Religionspädagogik - Die Entwicklung von Theologie und Religions-lehrer*innen-Bildung an der Universität Passau |55
Hans Mendl
Algorithmisches Denken und Programmieren im Grundschullehramtsstudium |68
Luisa Greifenstein, Ute Heuer & Gordon Fraser
Fit für die Zukunft – Transformation gestalten mit Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE) in der Lehrkräftebildung |78
Michaela Würdinger-Gaidas & Florian Stelzer
Didaktische Innovation in der Lehrkräftebildung: Theorie und Praxis der Lehre in den Passauer Innovationslaboren |86
Jutta Mägdefrau, Hannes Birnkammerer, Sabrina Kufner, Verena Köstler, Christian Müller
Historisches Lernen im digitalisierten Geschichtsunterricht: Flipped Classroom und historische Spurensuche vor Ort |95
Norbert Lehning
Mediensemiotik und Medienkunde als Basis von Information and Media Literacy (IML). Fachwissenschaftliche Einblicke am Beispiel des Videospiels Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus |101
Jan-Oliver Decker & Jakob Kelsch
InVerS: Motive und Begründungslinien für die Wahl des Berufs Lehrkraft im internationalen Vergleich. Ein Forschungsprojekt des Lehrstuhls für Erziehungswissenschaft mit dem Schwerpunkt Diversitätsforschung und Bildungsräume der Mittleren Kindheit |113
Susanne Fesl, Eva Rutter und Simone Maria Springer
Der Klassenrat als Ort politischen Lernens? |127
Michael Freun
Innovation and networks in the bioeconomy : a case study from the German Coffee Value Chain
No full textThe transition to a circular bioeconomy requires innovation across many sectors, but social dynamics within a sector’s network may affect innovation potential. We investigate how network dynamics relate to the perceptions and adoption of bioeconomy innovation using a case study from the food processing sector. Our case study of the German coffee value chain represents a technologically advanced sector with a strong sustainability focus and potential for residue valorization, which is an important dimension of a sustainable circular bioeconomy. We identify three distinct views (pioneers, traditional and limited users) related to residue valorization, map linkages between actors using social network analysis, and highlight barriers to innovation. We collected data through an online survey and semi-structured interviews with key actors in the coffee roasting sector. Within the social network analysis, we find that public waste managers are closely linked to the most influential actors, state actors such as the customs and tax offices can quickly interact with others in the network and promote the spread of information (highest closeness centrality) and specific roasters play an important role as intermediaries for efficient communication (highest betweenness centrality). Finally, we identify four main barriers including the structure of the coffee network, inconsistencies in federal waste regulations, economies of scale, and visions of sustainability. To support a sustainable bioeconomy, we recommend that policy makers revise the primary regulatory frameworks for waste (e.g., German Recycling Act) to clarify how to classify food residues, their disposal structures and broaden their use streams