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Regulating Court Jurisdiction to Protect Weaker Parties: An Overview of the Indonesian Civil Justice System
No full textIt is necessary to facilitate easy access to courts to protect weaker parties. This can be achieved by regulating the personal jurisdiction of the court so that weaker parties can easily access it. In the Indonesian civil justice system, some regulations have been implemented to protect weaker parties through the jurisdiction of courts. This article elaborates on these regulations and their obstacles in protecting the access of consumers, workers, women and children, and foreigners to Indonesian courts. A statutory approach with reference to the general principles of the court’s personal jurisdiction and the principles of access to justice for weaker parties This article finds that some regulations related to the court’s personal jurisdiction in Indonesia provide protection to weaker parties by allowing them to submit their claim to the court where they reside against the counterparty. However, a lack of consistency may hinder its implementation
Apparatus development for detecting the freshness of chicken meat using TCS 3200, PH-98108, and MOS gas sensors
No full textMeat can be determined as a muscle that has entered a rigour mortis state. Due to its high nutritional content, the quality of chicken meat quickly decreased. The changes in meat colour, pH, and metabolite gas production, especially ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, are the typical indicators for meat degradation. This research aimed to design and build an apparatus to evaluate the freshness of the chicken meat displayed for sale or storage. In the following study, four different sensors, including TCS 3200 colour sensor, Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors (MQ 136, MQ 137), and PH-98108 sensors, were assembled with the aid of a microcontroller and personal computer to become a meat freshness detection apparatus. After being calibrated, the apparatus was then used to evaluate the freshness of the chicken meat sample. The results indicated that the apparatus showed satisfactory performance in detecting the freshness of the chicken meat sample. This apparatus was movable, simple, cheap, easy to operate, and suitable to be used by meat sellers or related institutions. The sensors used were capable of detecting the changes in colour, pH, NH3 gas, and H2S of the sample. The parameters of L*, b*, pH, H2S, and NH3 gas effectively detected the freshness of chicken meat. After 12 hrs of storage, the values of L*, b*, pH, H2S, and NH3 gas of the sample were 50.34, 17.26, 6.59, 134.08 ppm, and 42.34 ppm, respectively. © 2023 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources
Enhancement of phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa) due to tape fermentation
No full textBlack glutinous rice (BGR) naturally contains phenolic compounds in free and conjugated form or bound to the structural matrix, which may affect its bioactivity. The degradation of the matrix cell wall by microbial activity during fermentation may endorse the release of bound phenolic compounds and enhance the availability of the compounds. This study aimed to assess the impact of tape fermentation on the profile of individual phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of BGR. Fermentation up to 72 h at 30 °C was performed by adding the cooked BGR with a tape starter (0.3 w/w). The fermentation for over 48 h increased free phenolic compounds while altering the composition of free, free-conjugated, and bound phenolic compounds. In comparison to the initial material, significant enhancement in the level of protocatechuic aldehyde (13 � ), caffeic acid (2 � ), vanillic acid (1 � ), vanillin (1 � ), p-coumaric acid (1 � ), ferulic acid (1 � ), and isoferulic acid (1 � ) was acknowledged in the final fermented product while sinapic and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid was merely detected after 24 h of fermentation. As a result, antioxidant activity was also increased notably (p < 0.05) starting from 48 h of fermentation, while principal component analysis revealed that the activity was strongly contributed by 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. Henceforth, the resulting tape fermentation of BGR can be considered a source of phenolic compounds that provide high antioxidant activity. © 2023 The Author(s
Effect of fermentation time on the molecular weight distribution of ACE inhibitory peptide from jack bean tempe
No full textThis research examined the variation in concentration of protein derived from jack bean throughout mold fermentation and the distribution of the molecular weight (MW) of the resultant peptides. In addition, the effects of peptide size on ACE inhibitory action were investigated. The jack bean was soaked and boiled before fermentation, then inoculated using 0.2 of commercial tempe inoculum. Furthermore, the inoculated seeds were incubated at room temperature for 48 h (T48), and 72 h (T72), and unfermented jack bean (T0) was used as a control. The total protein, soluble protein, MW distribution of peptides, and ACE inhibitory action were all examined. The results demonstrated that the concentration of soluble proteins rose as fermentation duration increased (p 0.05). The resultant peptides were then separated by dialysis to generate four peptide fractions, namely; fractions A (MW of 14 kDa). The peptide fractions of the three samples demonstrated that the number of peptides in fraction D decreased significantly during the fermentation, followed by an increase in peptide fractions with smaller MW (Fractions A, B, and C). The number of peptides in fraction A of T0, T48, and T72 was 9.51; 49.87; and 56.31, respectively. The more significant amount of smaller peptides indicated a higher possibility to have the capacity to inhibit ACE. Fractions A, B, C, and D of T72 exhibited ACE inhibitory action with the value of 83.21; 62.53; 61.07; and 49.64, respectively. In this investigation, the ACE inhibitory action was stronger as the MW of the peptides decreased. Fraction A had the greatest inhibitory action with an IC50 of 0.60 mg/mL. In conclusion, the fermentation duration enhanced the concentration of soluble protein. Consequently, jack bean protein degraded into various sizes of peptides during fermentation. Furthermore, the smallest size of peptides fraction demonstrated the best ACE inhibitory activity. A@ Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
Formation of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides from Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) sprout in simulated digestion
No full textBean sprouts are potential plant proteins that produce DPP-IV inhibitory peptides. These peptides must be stable and active in the brush border membrane of the small intestine to inhibit DPP-IV. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the DPP-IV inhibitory activity of jack bean sprouts using pepsin-pancreatin during simulated digestion, as well as the absorption of these peptides through the everted gut sac method. The results showed that after 180 min of digestion simulation, the Mw < 1 kDa peptide fraction of jack bean hydrolysate, which germinated for 60 h (HG60), had the highest inhibitory activity. The duodenum absorbs most of the peptides with inhibitory activity of 61.77, which is slightly lower than activity after digestion (62.19). These outcomes suggest that the DPP-IV inhibitory activity of HG60 can be maintained after digestion and absorption. Two novel peptides KAVGDPI and QGVVLRP identified after absorption contain crucial amino acids confirming as DPP-IV inhibitor. © 2023, The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology
Crab shell biowaste hydroxyapatite as inert material for gradual releaser of crop nutrients for sustainable food production
No full textPurpose Aggressive use of crop fertilizer during food production caused an overburden in the environment. Gradual release of crop nutrients from the fertilizer could decrease the massive utilization of fertilizer. The ad-vantages are two folds, cheaper cost, and environmentally friendly crop production. Method Slow-release fertilizer was prepared by encapsulating hydroxyapatite (HA) with a single fertilizer. The HA which derived from crab shell biowaste was synthesized by the wet precipitation method. The nitrogen release test was carried out every 5 minutes for 1 hour using the percolation method, then the percolates were test-ed for the total nitrogen content. Fertilizer was applied to see its effect on the vegetative and generative growth of tomato plants. Five treatments were applied: without fertilizer as control, ammonium sulfate (AS) fertilizer, hybrid AS-HA fertilizer, urea (U) fertilizer, and U-HA fertilizer. Results AS-HA released nitrogen at 4.45 or three times slower than AS which released 13.51. U-HA released nitrogen as much as 3.96 or 4.5 times slower than urea which released nitrogen as much as 18.66 in one hour. AS-HA fertilizer provided the best results for overall parameters, with an average height of 102.1 cm for plant height, 7 mm for stem diameter, 82 strands for number of leaves, 4 produced fruits, and 63.5 grams for the fruit weight per plant. Conclusion Slow-release fertilizer with a mixture of hydroxyapatite was able to release nitrogen gradually. Korsmeyer-Peppas model was the best-fitted model for nitrogen release. © 2023, Islamic Azad University. All rights reserved
Evaluating the effect of climate change on rice production in Indonesia using multimodelling approach
No full textAchieving global food security in the face of climate change is a critical challenge, particularly in vulnerable countries like Indonesia. To effectively address this challenge, a systems-based approach utilizing climate-hydrological-crop models has emerged as an integral approach. These models integrate climate, hydrological, and crop components to understand and predict the complex interactions within agricultural systems and their responses to climate variables. By employing this approach, policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders can gain comprehensive insights into the potential consequences of climate change on crop growth, water availability, soil fertility, and overall crop yield. However, challenges exist in the implementation of this approach, including data reliability; scarcity of complete long-term data; lack of experimental information about crop species, especially local varieties; inadequate research resources; lack of expertise concerning modeling approaches; lack of testing; inaccurate testing; calibration; and model uncertainties. Furthermore, to address limitations and challenges in implementing this approach, improving the availability and reliability of data, collection method, and data quality should be conducted to ensure the accuracy of simulation and prediction. Finally, climate-hydrological-crop models, alongside improved data collection and modelling techniques, serve as essential tools for guiding the development of effective adaptation measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change on rice production in Indonesia. © 2023 The Author
An Automatic Brain Tumor Segmentation Using 3D Residual U-Net
No full textA brain tumor is a group of abnormal neuronal cells that can spread and modify brain structure. Brain tumors are one of the deadliest diseases ever identified. Appropriate diagnostic and surgical planning for brain tumor patients increases survival rates and treatment options. Precise brain tumor segmentation determines surgical site and diagnosis. However, proper segmentation of brain tumors is difficult due to the diverse forms and appearances of brain tumors. This study provides a method for segmenting sub-areas of brain tumors using a ResU-Net model. The proposed model is effective combines encoding residual blocks using attribution mapping the U-Net model's component to enhance the procedure for learning. It is meant to improve the comprehensive training method and resolve the gradients issue. Using the BraTS 2020 benchmark dataset, the proposed model was assessed. The results proved the superiority of the proposed technique, with whole tumor, tumor core, and enhancing tumor earning dice scores of 0.914, 0.903, and 0.882, respectively
Anatomical Studies and Evaluation of Genetic Stability in Plantlets Derived from Somatic Embryos of Arabica Coffee
No full textAnatomical characteristics regenerant plantlet of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabicaL.) were observed to determine the difference of plantlet performance between Sigararutang and Maragogige grown in shooting and rooting medium. Transverse sections of the fresh roots, stems and leaves of three-month-old plantlets from somatic embryos were collected and used for the study. Sigararutang and Maragogipe as the plantlet materials were chosen based on the bean size and the origin. Stomata were microscopically observed on the abaxial leaf paradermal section. A conformity test to compare between plantlet and the parent plant was observed to perform genetic stability. Assessment of genetic stability was measured by using the sequence of trnL (UAA) region. The result showed that all the anatomical roots, stems and leaves of the Maragogipe plantlet have a greater number than Sigararutang (root diameter, cortex thickness, distance of long stele, distance of short stele, endodermis thickness, stem diameter, cortex thickness, maximum stele diameter, minimum stele diameter, epidermis thickness, diameter of stomatal closing, length of stomatal closing, total stomatal density, adaxial epidermis density, midrib thickness, adaxial epidermis thickness, abaxial epidermis thickness, diameter of the vascular bundles, lamina thickness), except of epidermis thickness, diameter of the vascular bundles, diameter of stomatal aperture, diameter of stomatal opening, length of stomatal opening and abaxial epidermis density. Taxonomists may be able to use these anatomic traits as supplementary proof in the determination of Arabica coffee. Molecular analysis showed that there were genetically identical organisms between the plantlet and the parent plant. It was indicated there was no somaclonal variation during somatic embryogenesis in the micropropagation of Arabica coffe
Assessment of maturity stage and stabilityof new Indonesian melon cultivar ‘Melona’ based on ISSR markers and morphological characteristics
No full textMarket preferences for horticultural products determine the product’s selling value and absorption. One market criterion often used for the quality of horticultural products is color and maturity level. Color differences can provide a representation of the metabolites contained in a product. This study provides a standard for assessing melons' maturity level, which will be helpful as a benchmark for Indonesian consumer acceptance. In addition, this study also provides information on the stability of the character of the new cultivar 'Melona' from several generations of crosses to obtain superior cultivars. Assessment of maturity level based on color development in 'Melona' is divided into fivestages.In the firstand second stage, fruit was dominated by green color with Increasing fruit volume. The color change begins in the third stage. in the third stage and the following phases, there is an increase in the accumulation of beta-caroteneand characterized by the dominance of orange instead of green.Maximum ripe of ‘Melona’ is characterized by strong yellow lobes, creamy-white interlobes, and orange flesh color. A molecular analysis employingfour ISSR primers (UBC-807, UBC-808, UBC-811, and UBC-824) resulted in high uniformity and low geneticvariationin the hybrid and parent lines genotype. Analysis resulteda total of 42 DNA fragments with only one polymorphic DNA fragment.The polymorphic DNA fragment was 2,300 bp in size and was found in the female accession 'Melona' and the hybrid 'Melona' based on the UBC-808 primer. The numerical phenetic relationship between male, female and hybrid accession melon cultivars is very close(above 97.6%) and indicated that the melona cultivars were stable