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How proper is the dominance-solvable outcome?
No full textWe examine the conditions under which iterative elimination of weakly dominated strategies refines the set of proper outcomes of a normal-form game. We say that the proper inclusion holds in terms of outcome if the set of outcomes of all proper equilibria in the reduced game is included in the set of all proper outcomes of the original game. We show by examples that neither dominance solvability nor the transference of decision-maker indifference condition (TDI of Marx and Swinkels [1997]) implies proper inclusion. When both dominance solvablility and the TDI condition are satisfied, a positive result arises: the game has a unique stable outcome. Hence, the proper inclusion is guaranteed
EU ETS, Free Allocations and Activity Level Thresholds. The devil lies in the details
No full textThis paper investigates incentives for firms to increase output above the activity level thresholds (ALTs) in order to obtain more free allowances in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. While ALTs were introduced in order to reduce excess free allocation to low-activity installations, for installations operating below the threshold, the financial gain from increasing output to reach the threshold may outweigh the costs. Using installation level data for 246 clinker plants, we estimate the effect of ALTs on output decisions. The ALTs induced 5.8Mt of excess clinker production in 2012 (4% of total EU output), which corresponds to 5.2Mt of excess CO2 emissions (over 5% of total sector emissions). As intended, ALTs do reduce overallocation (by 6.6million allowances) relative to a scenario without ALTs, but an alternative output based allocation would further reduce overallocation by 39.5million allowances (29% of total cement sector free allocation). Firms responded disproportionately to ALTs in countries with low demand, especially in Spain and Greece. The excess clinker output lead to increased EU clinker and cement exports, production shifting between plants and also an increase in clinker content of cement thus reducing the carbon efficiency of cement production
Sol-gel route toward efficient and robust Distributed Bragg Reflector for light management applications
No full textInternational audienceThe optimization of functional optical devices requires the appropriate control of light propagation, which can be achieved by using engineered dielectric structures. Innovative materials combination and fabrication strategies are required to achieve a robust gain in performance without impacting manufacturing complexity and cost. In the present work, a novel liquid-based approach is proposed for the simple and scalable fabrication of highly effi - cient and robust optical multilayer dielectric coatings. In particular, a sol-gel process is developed that enables the fabrication of large-area distributed Bragg refl ectors (DBR) integrating macroporous materials of controlled closed porosity. The DBRs have a very high index contrast, excellent and tunable optical properties, and high stability of performance and structural integrity with respect to crack formation and delamination, even against harsh ageing tests or solvent exposure. The potential of this approach to be integrated within existing optoelectronic architectures is demonstrated through the integration of a DBR structure as a back refl ector in an amorphous silicon solar cell (a-Si:H), resulting in a signifi cant increase in light absorption, photocurrent, and overall effi ciency. This opens the way towards simple dielectric engineering of robust photoactive devices based on the versatile use of liquid routes for the deposition of structured dielectric coatings
Income tax and retirement schemes
No full textThis article aims at understanding the interplay between pension schemes and tax instruments. The model features extensive labor supply in a stationary environment with overlapping generations and perfect financial markets. Compared with the reference case of a pure taxation economy, we find that taxes become more redistributive when the pension instrument is available, while pensions provide incentives to work
Corporate-NGO partnerships in CSR activities: why and how?
No full textThis article describes, analyzes, and explains the emergence of partnerships between corporations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the ways in which corporations use such relationships as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Economics concepts and the management literature are reviewed, and illustrations are provided to describe such alliances and to explain their expansion. The findings show that firms engage in CSR for altruistic, defensive, and strategic reasons. The role of NGOs in these activities, as well as the related risks for both types of partners, is also explained and studied. NGOs are identified to have fundraising, stakeholder, and strategic functions in corporate-NGO partnerships. The findings also show that the main risks for NGOs, namely, a loss of credibility and legitimacy and their consequences, are related to the financial and existential dependency created by corporate-NGO partnerships
L'éponge de Menger -itération 1-
No full textThe Menger sponge -iteration 1- (L'éponge de Menger -itération 1-
Reflecting about Selecting Noninformative Priors
No full text15 pages, 8 figures, 5 tablesFollowing the critical review of Seaman et al. (2012), we reflect on what is presumably the most essential aspect of Bayesian statistics, namely the selection of a prior density. In some cases, Bayesian inference remains fairly stable under a large range of noninformative prior distributions. However, as discussed by \citet{Hd}, there may also be unintended consequences of a choice of a noninformative prior and, these authors consider this problem ignored in Bayesian studies. As they based their argumentation on four examples, we reassess these examples and their Bayesian processing via different prior choices. Our conclusion is to lower the degree of worry about the impact of the prior, exhibiting an overall stability of the posterior distributions. We thus consider that the warnings of Seaman et al. (2012), while commendable, do not jeopardize the use of most noninformative priors
Revised evidence for statistical standards
No full textInternational audienceJohnson proposes replacing the usual P = 0.05 standard for significance with the more stringent P = 0.005. This might be good advice in practice, but we remain troubled by Johnson's logic because it seems to dodge the essential nature of any such rule, which is that it expresses a tradeoff between the risks of publishing misleading results and of important results being left unpublished. Ultimately such decisions should depend on costs, benefits, and probabilities of all outcomes
Layer Decomposition: An Effective Structure-based Approach for Scientific Workflow Similarity
No full textInternational audienceScientific workflows have become a valuable tool for large-scale data processing and analysis. This has led to the creation of specialized online repositories to facilitate workflow sharing and reuse. Over time, these repositories have grown to sizes that call for advanced methods to support workflow discovery, in particular for effective similarity search. Here, we present a novel and intuitive workflow similarity measure that is based on layer decomposition. Layer decomposition accounts for the directed dataflow underlying scientific workflows, a property which has not been adequately considered in previous methods. We comparatively evaluate our algorithm using a gold standard for 24 query workflows from a repository of almost 1500 scientific workflows, and show that it a) delivers the best results for similarity search, b) has a much lower runtime than other, often highly complex competitors in structure-aware workflow comparison, and c) can be stacked easily with even faster, structure-agnostic approaches to further reduce runtime while retaining result quality
Long-term monitoring of PKS 2155-304 with ATOM and H.E.S.S.: investigation of optical/gamma-ray correlations in different spectral states
No full text10 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & AstrophysicsInternational audienceIn this paper we report on the analysis of all the available optical and very high-energy -ray (200 GeV) data for the BL Lac object PKS 2155304, collected simultaneously with the ATOM and H.E.S.S. telescopes from 2007 until 2009. This study also includes X-ray (RXTE, Swift) and high-energy -ray (Fermi-LAT) data. During the period analysed, the source was transitioning from its flaring to quiescent optical states,and was characterized by only moderate flux changes at different wavelengths on the timescales of days and months. A flattening of the optical continuum with an increasing optical flux can be noted in the collected dataset, but only occasionally and only at higher flux levels. We did not find any universal relation between the very high-energy -ray and optical flux changes on the timescales from days and weeks up to several years. On the other hand, we noted that at higher flux levels the source can follow two distinct tracks in the optical flux-colour diagrams, which seem to be related to distinct -ray states of the blazar. The obtained results therefore indicate a complex scaling between the optical and -ray emission of PKS 2155304, with different correlation patterns holding at different epochs, and a -ray flux depending on the combination of an optical flux and colour rather than a flux alone