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Base de la pyramide et responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise : Pourquoi et comment ils interagissent
No full textFor about two decades a number of Multinational corporations (MNCs) have developed strategies targeted towards low-income consumer with variable financial success. The dissertation revisits these strategies, known as Base of the Pyramid (BoP), in three essays. The first essay explores the underlying reasons for pursuing these strategies. It is shown that in some companies BoP initiatives have been relegated to philanthropic programs or simply dismantled, while in other cases they have repositioned their value proposition in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy of the company. This logic opens a full range of financial and extra-financial returns to justify the conceded investments. The analysis is carried out through a case study over seven MNCs on fifteen years of experimentations. The second essay discusses the internal challenge for moving a BoP CSR initiative, somewhat protected, towards a business as usual profitable project for the company. This analysis is based on a longitudinal case study of Schneider Electric and its Access to Energy program over the years 2011-2015. The BoP initiative initially benefited from the reformulation of the CSR strategy along core values to face the global energy challenge. As the initiative developed, growth and performance objectives were assigned. The essay analyzes the corresponding process. The organizational barriers to successfully overcome this strategic change are identified and related to the management control in place in the company. The third essay addresses the accountability and legitimacy of BoP CSR activities through the analysis of the company’s external involvement in the impact investing industry. It is shown that the investment management team of this external fund has developed the ability to make compatible potential conflicting institutional demands to simultaneously achieve profit and create societal value through the integration of performance-oriented management procedures.Depuis près de vingt ans, un certain nombre d’entreprises multinationales ont développé des stratégies ciblées en direction des consommateurs à faibles revenus qui présentent néanmoins des succès financier variables. A travers trois essais, la thèse revient sur ces stratégies dénommées à la base de la pyramide (ou BoP pour Base of the Pyramid). Le premier article explore les raisons sous-jacentes à la poursuite de ces stratégies. Il montre qu’au sein de certaines entreprises les initiatives BoP ont été reléguées à des programmes philanthropiques ou simplement démantelées, tandis que dans d’autre cas, elles ont repositionné leur proposition de valeur vis-à-vis de la stratégie de responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise (RSE). Cette logique ouvre un champ complet de retours financier et extra-financier pour justifier les investissements concédés. L'analyse est réalisée à travers une étude de cas sur sept multinationales sur quinze ans d'expérimentations. Le deuxième essai explore le défi interne pour transformer une initiative BoP RSE – quelque peu protégée – en un projet rentable plus traditionnel pour l'entreprise. Cette analyse est basée sur une étude de cas longitudinale de Schneider Electric et de son programme d’accès à l’énergie pour les populations qui en sont privées au cours des années 2011-2015. L'initiative BoP a d'abord bénéficié de la reformulation de la stratégie RSE alignée avec les valeurs fondamentales de l’entreprise pour faire face au défi énergétique mondial. Suite au développement de l'initiative, des objectifs de croissance et de performance lui ont été attribuées. L'article analyse les processus correspondants. Les obstacles organisationnels pour surmonter ce changement stratégique sont identifiés et liés au contrôle de gestion en place dans l'entreprise. Le troisième essai traite de la « redevabilité » et de la légitimité des activités BoP RSE à travers l'analyse de l’implication externe de l'entreprise dans le secteur de l'investissement d'impact. Il est démontré que l'équipe de gestion de ce fonds externe a développé la capacité de rendre compatibles des demandes institutionnelles, potentiellement contradictoires, qui visent à atteindre simultanément des objectifs de rentabilité et de création de valeur sociétale par l’intégration de procédures de gestion axées sur la performance
Non-linear numerical simulation of coiling by elastic finite strain model
No full textInternational audienceThe coiling process under traction is considered, with an incoming residual stress profile (that can be sufficiently compressive to make the strip buckle): a flatness defect. This paper details a 3D non-linear numerical simulation taking into account the contact of the strip on itself, with a perfect contact law. The model relies on elastic behavior at finite strain because of large rotations. Even though the behavior is elastic, the yield Von Mises criterion is computed and gives information about flatness defects (plastic zones are approximated by zones where the yield stress is exceeded). Furthermore, the paper aims at very short computation times. The modeling strategy relies (for each time step) on two analytical sub-steps. Numerical minimization procedure is used in order apply weak boundary conditions. Results are discussed with respect to a comprehensive Finite Element simulation and good agreement is observed
Optimal Parameter Choices Through Self-Adjustment: Applying the 1/5-th Rule in Discrete Settings
No full textInternational audienceWhile evolutionary algorithms are known to be very successful for a broad range of applications, the algorithm designer is often left with many algorithmic choices, for example, the size of the population, the mutation rates, and the crossover rates of the algorithm. These parameters are known to have a crucial influence on the optimization time, and thus need to be chosen carefully, a task that often requires substantial efforts. Moreover, the optimal parameters can change during the optimization process. It is therefore of great interest to design mechanisms that dynamically choose best-possible parameters. An example for such an update mechanism is the one-fifth success rule for step-size adaption in evolutionary strategies. While in continuous domains this principle is well understood also from a mathematical point of view, no comparable theory is available for problems in discrete domains. In this work we show that the one-fifth success rule can be effective also in discrete settings. We regard the (1+(λ,λ)) GA proposed in [Doerr/Doerr/Ebel: From black-box complexity to designing new genetic algorithms, TCS 2015]. We prove that if its population size is chosen according to the one-fifth success rule then the expected optimization time on OneMax is linear. This is better than what any static population size λ can achieve and is asymptotically optimal also among all adaptive parameter choices
GPDs in heavy meson production and Compton scattering
No full textTo appear in the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Physics Opportunities at an Electron-Ion ColliderInternational audienceExclusive processes of heavy meson production and spacelike and timelike deeply virtual Compton scattering allow us to investigate the hadron structure in terms of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). We review recent developments in the NLO description of such processes
Experimental and numerical study of the dynamics of a μs helium plasma gun discharge with various amounts of N2 admixture
No full textInternational audienceThese last years, atmospheric pressure plasma jets formed by pulsed helium dischargesignited in thin dielectric tubes have been extensively studied due to their potential forbiomedical applications. So far, most experiments have been dedicated to the study of theplasma plume. For endoscopic treatments, it is also important to better understand andoptimize the propagation of discharges in long dielectric tubes as catheters. First we presentan experimental and numerical study on the dynamics of a s helium plasma dischargewith N2 admixture in a long dielectric tube. We compare the velocity of the dischargefront for various amounts of N2 and dierent applied voltages and show a good agreementbetween experiments and simulations. Second, we compare time-resolved measurements andsimulations of longitudinal and radial electric elds associated with plasma propagation inthe dielectric tube and in the plasma plume. It is interesting to note that measurementsobtained with a probe located outside the dielectric tube are in excellent agreement withsimulations. This allows to infer from simulations the time evolution of the electric eld onthe discharge axis which is a key parameter for applications.Acknowledgment: The authors acknowledge the computational resources of theMesocentre of Ecole Centrale Paris
DNA replication restart and cellular dynamics of Hef helicase/nuclease protein in Haloferax volcanii
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding how frequently spontaneous replication arrests occur and how archaea deal with these arrests are very interesting and challenging research topics. Here we will described how genetic and imaging studies have revealed the central role of the archaeal helicase/nuclease Hef belonging to the XPF/MUS81/FANCM family of endonucleases in repair of arrested replication forks. Special focus will be on description of a recently developed combination of genetic and imaging tools to study the dynamic localization of a functional Hef::GFP (Green. Fluorescent Protein) fusion protein in the living cells of halophilic archaea Haloferax volcanii. As Archaea provide an excellent and unique model for understanding how DNA replication is regulated to allow replication of a circular DNA molecule either from single or multiple replication origins, we will also summarize recent studies that have revealed peculiar features regarding DNA replication, particularly in halophilic archaea. We strongly believe that fundamental knowledge of our on-going studies will shed light on the evolutionary history of the DNA replication machinery and will help to establish general rules concerning replication restart and the key role of recombination proteins not only in bacteria, yeast and higher eukaryotes but also in archaea. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. and Societe Francaise de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire (SFBBM)
Observations and Simulations of the Interaction of Magnetic Clouds with the Bow Shock and Implications for their Couplings to the Magnetosphere
No full textInternational audienceMagnetic clouds are among the most geoeffective solar events capable to trigger strong magnetic storms in the terrestrial magnetosphere. However, the storm occurrence and strength are not yet fully explained. The magnetic clouds’ orientation, the presence of events/structures on their leading or trailing edges are presently discussed in the literature. In complement to these effects, we investigate here the interaction of magnetic clouds with the bow shock, the structure and propagation of the modified clouds downstream of it in the magnetosheath and the consequences for their interaction with the magnetosphere. This question is first tackled from observations. Correlated observations upstream (ACE) and downstream (CLUSTER) of the bow shock show that the interaction of magnetic clouds with the bow shock can strongly modify their downstream structure and lead to inexpected interactions with the magnetosphere. We also discuss this question from hybrid simulations of the interaction of magnetic clouds with the bow shock. We show that this interaction may produce in the magnetosheath very asymmetric distributions of magnetic field, density, temperature, velocity and that they depend on the shock configuration (quasi-perpendicular, quasi-parallel). We investigate the effects this asymmetric magnetosheath on key parameters for the interaction with the magnetopause, responsible for the development of geomagnetic activity in the magnetosphere
Majorization inequalities for valuations of eigenvalues using tropical algebra
No full textInternational audienceWe consider a matrix with entries over the field of Puiseux series, equipped with its non-archimedean valuation (the leading exponent). We establish majorization inequalities relating the sequence of the valuations of the eigenvalues of a matrix with the tropical eigenvalues of its valuation matrix (the latter is obtained by taking the valuation entrywise). We also show that, generically in the leading coefficients of the Puiseux series, the precise asymptotics of eigenvalues, eigenvectors and condition numbers can be determined. For this, we apply diagonal scalings constructed from the dual variables of a parametric optimal assignment constructed from the valuation matrix.Next, we establish an archimedean analogue of the above inequalities, which applies to matrix polynomials with coefficients in the field of complex numbers, equipped with the modulus as its valuation.This talk covers joint works with Ravindra Bapat, Stéphane Gaubert, Andrea Marchesini, and Francoise Tisseur
The Hermean bow shock and ion foreshock as seen by three-dimensional global hybrid simulations
No full textInternational audienceThe thinness of the Hermean magnetosheath evidenced by Mariner 10 and MESSENGER observations results from the small average standoff distance of the Bow Shock equal to 1.45RM and has important consequences especially in the region of the parallel shock. The magnetopause is clearly identified in front of the perpendicular shock meanwhile it is hardly recognized in front of the parallel shock due to a strong interaction between the shock and the magnetospheric boundary mediated by the magnetosheath flow. This interaction is investigated by means of three-dimensional global hybrid simulations for different IMF orientations and by varying the spatial resolution of the simulations between 120 and 40km. Accordingly to MESSENGER observations (Anderson et al, 2012) the planetary magnetic field implemented in the simulations combines a dipole and a quadrupole axisymmetric sources (Richer et al, 2012).ReferencesAnderson, B. J., C. L. Johnson, H. Korth, R. M. Winslow, J. E. Borovsky, M. E. Purucker, J. A. Slavin, S. C. Solomon, M.T. Zuber, and R. L. McNutt Jr. (2012), Low-degree structure in Mercury’s planetary magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res.,117, E00L12, doi:10.1029/2012JE004159.Richer, E., R. Modolo, G. M. Chanteur, S. Hess, and F. Leblanc (2012), A global hybrid model for Mercury’s interaction with the solar wind: Case study of the dipole representation, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A10228, doi:10.1029/2012JA017898
Ensembles nominaux dans Coq/SSreflect
No full textNational audienceDans ce travail, on s’intéresse aux ensembles nominaux, un formalisme pour représenterles variables liées introduit par Andrew Pitts [Pit13]. Son principal avantage est qu’il permet de raisonner dans des assistants de preuves formelles comme on le ferait informellement avec un papier, sans recourir à des manipulations techniques (décalages d’indices, ...) qui augmentent le risque d’erreurs.Cette approche a été implémentée dans l’assistant de preuve Isabelle [Urb05] et a permis de prouver plusieurs résultats intéressants : théorème de Church-Rosser, Normalisation forte du lambda- calcul simplement typé, première partie du POPLmark Challenge [Ayd05].Plusieurs tentatives ont ́et ́e faites pour d ́evelopper les mˆemes outils dans Coq, la plus aboutie date de 2006 [ABW06] et permet d’utiliser l’approche nominale pour raisonner sur le lambda-calcul, sans toutefois permettre `a l’utilisateur de d ́efinir des fonctions par r ́ecurrence sur les termes.Dans ce rapport, on propose une formalisation des ensembles nominaux dans Coq qui permet— De représenter un langage de programmation quelconque fourni par l’utilisateur. La partie 3traite le cas de F<:, le langage étudié dans le POPLmark Challenge.— De raisonner par induction en supposant qu’une variable liée est distincte d’un contexte donné— De définir des fonctions récursives grâce à un combinateu