Civil Engineering Dimension (E-Journal)
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Long-term Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Concrete Utilizing Self-Cementing Fly Ash as A Sole Binder Material
Full text linkSelf-cementing fly ash, containing calcium oxide (CaO) of about 20%, has successfully become a sole binder material in concrete through hydration. A very low water-to-fly ash ratio, e.g., below 0.20, is the main key to achieving the high compressive strength of concrete. This study explores the strength evolution, long-term compressive strength, and mechanical properties of concrete that utilize self-cementing fly ash as a sole binder material. Remarkably, the long-term compressive strength continues to develop over a year, reaching nearly 50 MPa at 365 days, a 34% increase from the 28-day strength. While the other mechanical properties are slightly lower than predictions from empirical formulas for Portland cement concrete, promising results are observed. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images highlight surface-restricted hydration products in self-cementing fly ash, rather than full dissolution of fly ash particles
Seismic Performance Comparison of Simply Supported Hollow Slab on Pile Group Structure with Different Operational Category and Shear Panel Damper Application
Full text linkThis study is aimed to compare the seismic performance of simply supported hollow slab on pile group (SHSPG) structures designed as “critical” and “essential” viaducts with shear panel damper (SPD) devices. There were three numerical models to be compared, namely SHSPG-A, SHSPG-B, and SHSPG-C. SHSPG-A is a “critical” viaduct with 35 piles per one pile head. SHSPG-B is an “essential” viaduct with 18 piles per one pile head. SHSPG-C is an “essential” viaduct with 18 piles per one pile head plus sixteen SPDs. Numerical models considered the prestressing effect of the spun pile. Nonlinear time history analyses were executed using seven pairs of recorded ground motions that had been scaled and adjusted to the seismic characteristics of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. As the result, the performance level of SHSPG-A was much better than SHSPG-B. The SPDs application could maintain SHSPG-C’s performance at the same level as SHSPG-A and dissipate 34.28%-53.03% of the seismic energy
Evaluation of ASTM D 1143/D 1143M-07 and Chinese Code JGJ 106-2014 for Pile Load Testing using Finite Element Method
Full text linkPile foundation is a structural element utilized to transmit structural load into the soil mass. During design processes, many empirical equations used to estimate axial pile capacity, and a pile load test is conducted to validate the design. In Indonesia, it is common to adopt ASTM D 1143/D 1143M-07 for pile testing. Chinese Code JGJ 106-2014 is another viable option, which has gained popularity recently. This study investigated the load–settlement curves obtained using both codes. The analyses were simulated using the Mohr–Coulomb and the Hardening Soil models. The Hardening Soil model yielded more reasonable load–settlement and load–excess pore water pressure curves than the Mohr–Coulomb model. The reason due to the Mohr–Coulomb model unable to capture the non-linear behavior of soil properly. Furthermore, the results showed that ASTM D 1143/D 1143M-07 and JGJ 106-2014 yielded comparable results. Hence, both methods could be substituted each other
Seismic Responses of Concrete Building Subjected to Out-of-phase Ground Motions
Full text linkSeismic performance of a building is commonly evaluated by applying same design ground motions at each building foundation. However, local soil conditions beneath a building likely vary, and these variations could result in out-of-phased design ground motions at each of the foundation locations. In this study, building’s responses during earthquakes were analyzed and compared using same and out-of-phase ground motions. The building is 10-story, 90m-wide, reinforced concrete structure supported on isolated footings with tie beams. Dynamic time response analyses were performed using five earthquake records which were scaled to a design response spectrum for a location in Surabaya. Seismic modification factor, R, of 8 was used. The results indicate that the use of out-of-phase ground motions does not have significant impacts on building inter-story drifts; it results, however in significantly higher column base shears and tie beam axial forces compared to those calculated using same ground motions
Incremental Strength Gain Considerations in Staged Roadway Construction
Full text linkThis paper presents an alternative construction method of a highway along coastal area underlain by thick normally consolidated very soft organic clay. Due to its remote location, mitigations to strengthen the soft clay are deemed too costly and/or require significant time to mobilize. Without mitigations, the presence of this very soft clay necessitates the roadway embankment to be constructed in phases to allow partial consolidation of clayey soils to take place before additional embankment fill can be placed. At each construction phase, the additional fill thickness and staging time are determined, and the corresponding degrees of consolidation and incremental strength gains are calculated at discrete grid points within the soft organic clay. The stability of the partially built embankment is then evaluated, and the fill thickness and staging time are adjusted to meet the stability safety requirements. The settlement due to fill placement can be estimated at each construction phase and included as an overbuilt to the next fill placement thickness. Impacts of soil horizontal and vertical movements due to filling to pile foundations are also be discussed
Structural Systems Comparison of Simply Supported PSC Box Girder Bridge Equipped with Elastomeric Rubber Bearing and Lead Rubber Bearing
Full text linkThis study compares the influence of elastomeric rubber bearing (ERB) as the regular bearing support and lead rubber bearing (LRB) as the seismic isolation device on the seismic performance of a seven-span simply supported prestressed concrete (PSC) box girder bridge, which was analyzed using nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA) with the OpenSees software. The results showed that the maximum pier responses and damage were smaller in models with LRB than with ERB. The bridge model using ERB occurred the slightest damage at levels II, while the one using LRB was at levels I. In addition, the highest seismic performance level in the model with ERB was at the operational limit. Meanwhile, the seismic performance in the model with LRB was at the fully operational limit. Thus, LRB was a good preference for improving the seismic performance and mitigating the damage due to the seismic excitation with a slender pier
Developing Building Management System Framework using Web-based-GIS and BIM Integration
Full text linkBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information systems (GIS) are two digital system innovations advantageously applied in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) sectors. GIS and BIM integration development is indispensable in building and infrastructure management. This integration promises several benefits for the operational phase of buildings and infrastructures. However, it faces challenges in data transformation and collaboration. This study proposes a framework and model for a web-based building management platform. The framework is developed by transforming BIM data into the GIS environment using the latest technology from ArcGIS. It allows data-sharing and collaboration among stakeholders, help build management, and is valuable for decision-making. The stakeholders, who do not need a BIM-GIS expert, could virtually see the report and updates of this building model every time
The Using of GIS to Delineate the Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones at Yogyakarta International Airport
Full text linkSpatial analysis is performed to delineate liquefaction susceptibility zones at Yogyakarta International Airport(YIA). The low to medium cohesionless soil consistency is predominantly observed on the upper subsoil. A shallow groundwater level and low fines content have also enlarged the likelihood of earthquake-induced liquefaction. An SPT based liquefaction triggering procedure is adopted in this study to indicate the Factor of Safety (FoS) whereas the Liquefaction Severity Index (LSI) is used to measure the severity of liquefaction by presuming its manifestation. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation in QGIS is chosen to produce a map with 50 m × 50 m grid size. The analysis results show the YIA’s area is prone to undergo liquefaction at various depths. However, thin liquefied layers may not generate sufficient artesian flow pressure to eject water or sand. The LSI analysis concludes that YIA area is categorized as a non-liquefied to moderate severity where the West side is the governing are
Layout, Topology, and Size Optimization of Steel Frame Design Using Metaheuristic Algorithms: A Comparative Study
Full text linkDetermining the topology, layout, and size of structural elements is one of the most important aspects in designing steel seismic-resistant structures. Optimization of these parameters is beneficial to find the lightest weight of the structure, thus reducing construction cost. This study compares the performance of three metaheuristic algorithms, namely, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS), and Differential Evolution (DE). Three study cases are used in order to find the lightest structural weight without violating constraints based on SNI 1726:2019, SNI 1729:2020, and SNI 7860:2020. The results of this study show that SOS has better performance than other algorithms
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Flexural Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Sengon Slender Beam
Full text linkLaminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is one of the engineered wood products consisting of wood veneers that are glued and pressed together. In this study, the behavior of LVL Sengon slender beam is numerically investigated by means of nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA), where only half of the experimental beam was modeled due to symmetry of the load configuration. The LVL Sengon wood material used Hill failure criterion with isotropic hardening rules, and its mechanical properties in both tension and compression are modelled according to its mechanical properties in tension obtained from the clear specimen test. The contact analysis is defined for each contacting and contacted elements. The FEA results well agreed with the experimental results in term of the load-deflection curve and failure mode of the beam. It is found that the lateral support has no effect on the stiffness of the beam. The beam stiffness and ultimate load increase by the increase of beam height-to-width ratio (?/?)