Civil Engineering Dimension (E-Journal)
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Characteristics of PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Full text linkIntroducing fibers into concrete aims to improve the low tensile strength of concrete and its brittle properties. In this research, readily available PVC coated welded wire mesh with diameter of 1 mm was used as fibers in concrete. There are several variations of concrete samples prepared for this study, i.e. based on the fiber’s volume fraction, length and interlocking schemes. Concrete samples were subjected to tensile and compressive strength, and elastic modulus tests. The results show that the incorporation of PVC coated welded wire mesh slightly increases the tensile strength of concrete, with the optimum fiber volume fraction of 1.5%; with the fiber length of 3.6 cm, and with the interlocking of 1.2 cm. However, the concrete compressive strength is slightly reduced, compared to the normal ones. The presence of PVC coated welded wire mesh as fiber also tends to reduce the elastic modulus of fiber reinforced concrete
Impact of Earthquakes on the Transportation Infrastructure of Indonesia: A Preliminary Study
Full text linkIndonesia is a high seismic region and one of the most vulnerable countries prone to experiencing damaging earthquakes. It is critical that lifeline infrastructure remain operational or is quickly remediated after an earthquake to minimise physical, social, and economical losses. Not much work has been carried out in understanding the effect of earthquakes on transportation infrastructure systems. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the impact of earthquakes on the transportation infrastructure in Indonesia. This is achieved by firstly reviewing the frameworks and tools for conducting seismic risk assessment of lifeline infrastructure. The critical components of the transportation system are then identified. Various forms of transportation infrastructure damage caused by earthquakes are discussed. An overview of the damaging earthquakes for the past 20 years is presented. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are provided about the future work required for conducting risk assessment of the transportation infrastructure in Indonesi
Effect of Crumb Rubber as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Cold Mixture Asphalt
Full text linkThe number of waste tires has been increasing as an impact of rapidly growing number of vehicles and becomes a global environmental concern. The environmental impact can be reduced by converting the waste tires to crumb rubber and reusing it as a replacement of fine aggregates in asphalt mixture. Dense graded cold mixtures asphalt design was developed for rubberized mixtures with up to 100% (by weight) crumb rubber replacement. Series of laboratory testing were performed for evaluating the Marshall stability and volumetric properties of rubberized cold mixture asphalt. The findings of this laboratory study indicated that Marshall stability and volumetric properties of these mixtures were affected by crumb rubber percentage. Although the use of crumb rubber in cold mixture asphalt could decrease the mechanical and volumetric properties of mixtures, but still has a great potential as a partial fine aggregate replacement in cold mixture asphalt. Rubberized cold mixture asphalt could be considered as a flexible pavement subjected to low traffic medium load
Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curve and the Most Suitable Method to Determine Flood Peak Discharge in Upper Werba Sub-Watershed
Full text linkDesign flood is one of the important factors for flood risk assessment and water infrastructures planning and development in a certain location. There are several methods to estimate it, one method which has been commonly and widely use is using flood frequency analysis. This research aims to develop Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves in Upper Werba Sub-Watershed, West Papua Province, Indonesia, to estimate design rainfall intensity. The design rainfall intensity is used to estimate peak of flood discharge using Rational Formula in the sub-watershed. Other methods, i.e. Soil Conservation Service and Nakayasu Synthetic Unit Hydrograph are also presented in this paper to provide comparison of the estimated peak of flood discharge. The result shows that the Rational method provide the closest magnitude of estimated flood discharge in Upper Werba Sub-Watershed to the observed streamflow. Therefore, it is suggested that the Rational method can be used for water infrastructure planning and development in the sub-watershed
Performance of an Existing Reinforced Concrete Building Designed in Accordance to Older Indonesian Seismic Code: A Case Study for a Hotel in Kupang, Indonesia
Full text linkThe recent seismic code SNI 1726-2012 is significantly different compared to the older code SNI 1726-2002. The seismic hazard map was significantly changed and the level of maximum considered earthquake was significantly increased. Therefore, buildings designed according to outdated code may not resist the higher demand required by newer code. In this study, seismic performance of Hotel X in Kupang, Indonesia which was designed based on SNI-1726-2002 is investigated. The structure was analyzed using Nonlinear Time History Analysis. The seismic load used was a spectrum consistent ground acceleration generated from El-Centro 18 May 1940 North-South component in accordance to SNI 1726-2012. The results show that Hotel X can resist maximum considered earthquake required by SNI 1726-2012. The maximum drift ratio is 0.81% which is lower than the limit set by FEMA 356-2000 (2%). Plastic hinge damage level is also lower than the allowance in ACMC 2001
Improving Shear Strength Parameters of Sandy Soil using Enzyme-Mediated Calcite Precipitation Technique
Full text linkSeveral methods have been established for their various potential applications as soil improvement technique, and recently the application of grouting technique using biological process have been proposed. This study discussed the applicability of enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation (EMCP) in improving the shear strength parameters of sandy soil. In this study, soil specimens were prepared and treated with the grouting solutions composed of urea, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate and enzyme of urease. Evolutions in the cohesion and internal friction angle of the improved soil were examined through the direct shear tests. The presence of the precipitated materials, comprising 4.1 percent of the soil mass of the treated sand, generated a cohesion of 53 kPa. However, contrary to the improvement of cohesion, the friction angle is relatively constant. It indicated that the application of the EMCP technique has no significant impact on the friction angl
Evaluation of a Reinforced Concrete Wall Macroscopic Model for Coupled Nonlinear Shear-Flexure Interaction Response
Full text linkReinforced concrete shear wall (RC wall) is an important element in tall buildings, which provides strength and stiffness against lateral loadings, e.g. earthquake and wind. Numerous researches have been conducted to study its nonlinear behavior via microscopic and macroscopic model. The later approach is currently being widely explored since it has many advantages compared to the preceding models. A well-known macroscopic model, namely Shear-Flexure-Interaction Multiple-Vertical-Line-Elements-Model (SFI-MVLEM) in the open source platform Open Sees, is capable of simulating the coupled nonlinear shear-flexure interaction response in the RC wall. This paper presents an evaluation to the applicability of SFI-MVLEM model to predict the coupled nonlinear shear-flexure behavior of RC wall specimens compared to experimental results in available literature. The analysis results show that the model is able to predict the behavior of RC wall considerably accurate in terms of hysteretic curves, cracking patterns, and contributions of shear and flexural displacement to total displacement
Stabilising Potential of Sawdust Lignin based Extracts in Compressed Lateritic Bricks
Full text linkLignocellulosic materials are abundant in nature, rich in some functional groups, considered less harmful to human health and the environment.The resulting waste may be recycled for other beneficial uses. Lignin is known to be a natural binder in lignocellulosic materials and several studies have confirmed it has binding ability with soil particles. This paper studied its stabilising potential in compressed lateritic bricks, especially its effects on density and compressive strength properties of the bricks. Lignin additives extracted from sawdust were used to stabilise laterite, while the bricks were moulded with the UNIFE ram, a type of the CINVA ram. The laterite was stabilised at 4%, 8% and 12%, while cement stabilised samples and 0% (unstabilised laterite) samples prepared accordingly were used as controls. The results showed that the LBAs contributed to the strength gained by the bricks at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days air curing, while the bricks samples were categorised as high density
Initial Surface Absorption of Cement Combination Concrete
Full text linkThis paper investigated the initial surface absorption (ISAT) of concrete using Portland cement (PC) and some binary and ternary cement combinations containing fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) as partial replacements for PC at equal water/ cement ratios and strengths. At equal water/cement ratios, the cement combination concretes have higher ISAT values than PC concrete at 28 days and the disparity reduced with increasing curing age due to improved pozzolanic reactivity of the supplementary cementitious materials. SF and MK as binary and ternary cement components performed better than FA due to their higher fineness, improved particle packing and higher pozzolanic reactivity. At equal strengths, FA binary cement concretes have the lowest ISAT values and these reduced with increasing content of FA. At total replacement levels more than 20%, all the ternary cement concretes have lower ISAT values than PC concrete and the values reduced with increasing total replacement level due to the beneficial effect of FA
Influence of Particle Size Distribution of High Calcium Fly Ash on HVFA Mortar Properties
Full text linkThis study evaluates the effect of particle size distribution (PSD) of high calcium fly ash on high volume fly ash (HVFA) mortar characteristics. Four PSD variations of high calcium fly ash used were: unclassified fly ash and fly ash passing sieve No. 200, No. 325 and No. 400, respectively. The fly ash replacement ratio of the cementitious material ranged between 50-70%. The results show that with smaller fly ash particles size and higher levels of fly ash replacement, the workability of the mixture was increased with longer setting time. There was an increase in mortar compressive strength with finer fly ash particle size, compared to those with unclassified ones, with the highest strength was found at those with fly ash passing mesh No. 325. The increase was found due to better compactability of the mixture. Higher fly ash replacement reduced the mortar’s compressive strength, however, the rate was reduced when finer fly ash particles was used