QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies)
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Muslim Religiosity in a Challenging Secular State of Singapore
Full text linkThis article aims to examine the religiosity of Muslim minority living in a Singapore secular state. This survey research draws on Stark and Glock‘s model of multidimensional religiosity while accommodating specific characteristics of Islamic piety in framing the religiosity. From 482 Singaporean Muslims participated in this survey, this study found that the majority of Singaporean Muslims are quite religious. The finding indicates that religion is a core of their identity and a significant component of their life in spite of living in a secular state. This study argues that Muslim’s religious commitment can coexist within a secular framework due to Singapore secularism’s unique nature. Similarly, it also asserts that Singaporean Muslims negotiate a prudent balance between their civil responsibilities as Singaporeans and their religious obligations as Muslims. This study implies that secularism is multifaceted in relation to different cultural, political milieus, and different religions. Thus, secularism should not always be crudely viewed as categorical resistance against religion
Conflicts of Religious Education in a Secular State: a Study on Turkey’s Imam-Hatip School
Full text linkAlthough the secularization process has been carried out tremendously in modern Turkey since the establishment of the republic, the role of religion (i.e. Islam) was not fully denied. This became more apparent especially in the area of education. In this regard, the Kemalist regime has established the Imam-Hatip School since the formation of modern Turkey. However, throughout its development, the schools have experienced various challenges and sanctions. Hence, this paper aims to discuss the conflicts faced by the Imam-Hatip School as a religious educational institution in Turkey and attempts that have been made to overcome the conflicts. Thispaper relies on the textual study by analyzing related documents, reports, and other previous studies. In general, the conflicts that struck the Imam-Hatip School were due to a narrative where its existence was contrary to the principle of secularism. As a result, the schools were undermined by authorities where graduates from the schools were marginalized from pursuing their study in universities, and the schools were closed as an effect from the structuration of the schooling system. The conflicts have led some attempts to revive the status of the school as a religious educational institution. Although the attempts have led to positive implications, they also contributed to the polarization among people
Women’s Identity in the Digital Islam Age: Social Media, New Religious Authority, and Gender Bias
Full text linkThis paper discusses the phenomenon of religious lectures on social media that are gender-biased. The gender-biased religious lectures delivered in social media by some famous figures perpetuate the discrimination against women in Indonesia. This research answers how and why the religious lectures with gender-biased theme appear massively on social media. By using a qualitative method and feminist approach, the study focuses on the religious preachers on the new social media. This study shows that the large amounts of lectures with the gender-biased theme in social media are inseparable from the role of the promotional accounts. It shares videos of gender-themed propaganda massively and attractively to attract many visitors and followers of these accounts. This study reveals that the massive religious lectures with gender bias on social media are not only dealing with the textual understanding of religious texts but also a matter of the religious commodification. The actors of business could determine the massively particular religious discourse on social media
Pesantren in the Changing Indonesian Context: History and Current Developments
Full text linkThis article discusses the history of pesantren as an educational institution in the changing Indonesian context, and provides a snapshot on their current development and enrolment trends. It aims to provide an updated comprehension on Indonesian pesantren, which is an important aspect in understanding the contemporary development of Islam in Indonesia. The data presented here is based on systematic review of existing literature and policy documents, interviews with key policy makers, and observation in some pesantren. I argue that Indonesian pesantren have continued to grow over different historical periods due to their adaptability in the changing contexts. Such adaptability is seen in their adoption of modern schooling system, their incorporation of non-religious subjects into their curricula, as well as their dynamic integration into the national education system
Islamophobia and Religious Intolerance: Threats to Global Peace and Harmonious Co-Existence
Full text linkRecent events show that there are heightened fear, hostilities, prejudices and discriminations associated with religion in virtually every part of the world. It becomes almost impossible to watch news daily without scenes of religious intolerance and violence with dire consequences for societal peace. This paper examines the trends, causes and implications of Islamophobia and religious intolerance for global peace and harmonious co-existence. It relies on content analysis of secondary sources of data. It notes that fear and hatred associated with Islām and persecution of Muslims is the fallout of religious intolerance as reflected in most melee and verbal attacks, anti-Muslim hatred, racism, xenophobia, anti-Sharī'ah policies, high-profile terrorist attacks, and growing trends of far-right or right-wing extremists. It reveals that Islamophobia and religious intolerance have led to proliferation of attacks on Muslims, incessant loss of lives, wanton destruction of property, violation of Muslims’ fundamental rights and freedom, rising fear of insecurity, and distrust between Muslims and non-Muslims. The paper concludes that escalating Islamophobic attacks and religious intolerance globally had constituted a serious threat to world peace and harmonious co-existence. Relevant resolutions in curbing rising trends of Islamophobia and religious intolerance are suggested.
Imam Zarkasyi’s Modernization of Pesantren in Indonesia (A Case Study of Darussalam Gontor)
Full text linkThis paper aimed at elaborating Imam Zarkasyi’s thought and practices in modernizing the traditional Islamic education called Pesantren. The method employed for this study is descriptive and explanatory research. The data is collected from documents such as books, research article and brochure, and from author observation from time to time. This paper identifies that the educational thought and experiences of Imam Zarkasyi as well as his religious inclination played an important role in his modernization of pesantren. The research also found that Imam Zarkasyi’s thought and practices in modernizing Pesantren system started from his serious observation and evaluation as well as his appreciation of traditional pesantren and madrasah system of education. The step taken by Imam Zarkasyi to modernize the education system was by integrating pesantren and madrasah system. In modernizing curriculum Imam Zarkasyi integrated the formal, non-formal and informal education utilizing pesantren environment. Students are taught not only subjects on religion and general sciences in the classroom, but also obtaining morality, mental and job skill education and other values in pesantren tradition within a well-designed informal and non-formal education. Finally, to ensure the sustainability of pesantren Imam Zarkasyi changed the status of Pesantren institution from personal ownership into public property by way Waqf. The thought had been practically implemented successfully in secondary level and now the Waqf Board started to implement the practice at university level
The role of Cirebon Women Ulama in Countering Religious Radicalism
Full text linkThe trend in terrorist acts nowadays is using women as perpetrators with a feminine approach. To respond to the condition, the figure of the Cirebon women ulama takes a very significant role. When women could be recruited as terrorists, it should be easier too to get them back to become agents of peace. This study originally attempts to describe the experiences and efforts of Cirebon women ulama in the process of socio-religious transformation in the Cirebon society towards a better direction, namely counteracting religious-based intolerance in Cirebon. This study was conducted through a descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenology approach. Primary data were obtained through documentation study, interviews, and direct observations with Cirebon women activists from various community organizations and non-governmental organizations. The results showed that there are several strategies used by Cirebon women ulama in countering religious radicalism such as (1) developing religious literacy among Cirebon society; (2) shifting communication patterns from monolog to dialog; (3) reviewing curriculum and the process of learning; (4) live-in with other religious communities and beliefs, and (5) establish institutional networking.
Capitulation and Siyasah Syar’iyah Al-Maliyah Impact on Economic Stability of the 18th & 19th Ottoman Turks
Full text linkFree trade and foreign investment that characterize the 21st Century trade and business model do not benefit all parties, particularly Islamic countries. Only those who have well-established economic system and large capital gain the most benefit. This condition had occurred during the Ottoman Khalifah. Therefore, this article aims to prove that free trade and foreign investment during the Ottoman, in the form of capitulation, brought negative impact on the Ottoman’s economy and politics. Capitulation is an agreement between the Ottoman and Western European countries that regulated economic and legal sectors by giving privilege to the European countries to come and trade in the Ottoman. The Ottoman became a free market place that eliminated the Islamic economic system. The Ottoman saw the agreement as its Siyasah Syar’iyah Al-Maliyah to protect the political sovereignty when facing European countries. Once the agreement benefited the Ottoman, later it caused economic political problems. The domestic industries faced difficulty when competing with foreign trades. The Ottoman government did not have full authority over the law and justice of the Europeans in the Ottoman. The capitulation that was expected by the Ottoman to protect its economy and politics had put the country under the domination of Western Europe. What happened to the Ottoman is proof that the free market is only beneficial to developed countries with active industries. Therefore, this historical fact should be reference for Islamic countries in conducting their foreign economic system
Theft Prevention With Rahat as an Effort to Protect Property in Pasaman, West Sumatera, Indonesia
Full text linkThis article aims to explore about rahat as an effort to protect property in Pasaman, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Stealing was a criminal act which threatened the perpetrator with severe punishment, imprisonment in Indonesia or hand-amputation in Islamic law. The punishment was not only to deter and punish the perpetrator but also to educate society not to make the same mistake. However, when the national and religious laws did not function efficiently, the people in Pasaman, West Sumatera, Indonesia protected their properties with rahat, the magical fence consisting of tayyibah (noble words) which prepared by the leader of Islamic traditional boarding school (pesantren). When a thief broke the fence, he may forget his initial intention to steal, feel being locked, or even sickened in to an unrecoverable illness. Rahat and its effects were announced in public, delivered mouth to mouth, and obeyed by the community. As the result, the people were prevented from taking other people’s possessions; the treasures of society were also well preserved. The type of the study was field research with a qualitative approach. The data was gathered by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation study. The analysis was done descriptively by data reduction, display, and verification (drawing conclusion)
The Acculturation of Islam and Customary Law: an Experience of Minangkabau, Indonesia
Full text linkIslam as an unperceived religion from an essentialist perpective, beause it is transhistorical. The reality shows that the expression of Islam in one particular geographical context is a result of the interplays between Islamic teachings and local culture. This is a qualitative studyon Minangkabau customs and culture, with data collected by reviewing documents, both in the form of books, and articles. In addition, interviews were conducted with a number of Minang figures, and added to the Minang residents experiences. The results showed that the Minangkabau customs and culture had acculturated with Islam since it was introduced to the Minang region around the 8th century AD. Before its introduction, there were customs and cultures based on their habits. This acculturation occurs peacefully, therefore, the decisions of the traditional leaders do not cause turmoil and resistance from adat stakeholders in the region. Acculturation of Minang customs and culture with Islam takes the form of synthetism, while adat adapts to its teachings. When Islam with Minang customs and culture blend into one, changes occur in three forms. Firstly, when the custom is not in accordance with the Islamic teachings, it is adjusted, as illustrated in the Minang customary philosophy which reads, “Adat basandi alua jo patuik, alua jo patuik basandi bana, bana badiri sandirinyo” changed into “Adat basandi Syara’, Syara’ basandi Kitabullah”. Secondly, both customs and culture, which are in line with Islam remain preserved, such as the principle of deliberation (musyawarah) and consensus (mufakat). Thirdly, it led to the promulgation of Islam in a new culture that has not existed before, such as the Khatam Al-Qur’an ceremony for children