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“It’s Like All of My Senses and My Body Become More Awakened”:Autistic Adult’s Experiences of Attending Live Music
Get PDFBackground: Up to 94% of Autistic people have sensory responsivity differences, associated with experiences that can range from being distressing to highly pleasurable. Despite the importance of live music in fostering social inclusion, many venues and events are not inclusive, creating barriers for Autistic people. Given the challenges Autistic people face in accessing live music events, our study aimed to explore their experiences to improve inclusivity, using a critical realism epistemological approach. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study with 16 Autistic adults aged 21-52 through online focus groups (n = 13), individual interviews (n = 1), and email exchanges (n = 2), allowing for spoken or typed communication. Each focus group lasted 1 hour, and we analyzed the data using reflexive thematic analysis, following good practice guidelines. Results: We developed four main themes and two subthemes: (1) “This is a military operation”—Planning to manage uncertainty and overwhelm; (2) “Hating a crowd and loving a crowd at the same time”—Social connection; (3) The duality of an intense sensory environment; (3a) “The music, the vibrations bring out the colors … in my mind”—Immersive sensory joy; (3b) “My brain is screaming at me”—Sensory overload; and (4) “I think the biggest difference, always, is the staff”—Combating stigma and creating safe spaces. Conclusions: Our study highlights the positive and negative aspects of attending live music for Autistic people, offering actionable recommendations for inclusivity. Key suggestions include providing advance information, earplugs/quiet spaces, minimizing crowd exposure, and ensuring staff are trained to support Autistic attendees. These measures can help create accessible, enjoyable live music experiences, fostering social connections and reducing isolation for Autistic people.</p
To do no harm, we must first "know harms" . The challenge of measuring and reporting adverse events in interventions for pain:To do no harm we must first “know harms”. The challenge of measuring and reporting adverse events in interventions for pain.
Get PDFTo meet the Hippocratic commitment to “first, do no harm”, it is essential to have access to accurate information about the harms of interventions. In the development, evaluation and implementation of interventions for pain, patient safety and the risk of intervention-related harms are a critical consideration.In this Perspective article, we discuss challenges relating to: nomenclature and definitions for intervention harms; measurement of harms and sources of information; and reporting of harms. We consider the state of the reporting of harms in the pain and analgesic literature, recommendations for the collection and reporting of harms in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs), and future directions for harms research
Fundamental Model for Compressor Cavity Heat Transfer: Theory and Validation
Get PDFThe buoyancy-driven flow inside compressor cavities is three-dimensional, unsteady and features a large range of time- and length-scales. The temperature and rotation of the fluid core of the cavity are influenced by an exchange (and recirculation) of enthalpy and momentum with an axial throughflow of cooling air at low radius. The complexity of the flow and conjugate nature of the heat transfer to the discs creates a challenge for the aero-engine designer when calculating thermal stresses, radial expansion, and blade-tip clearances.This paper presents a low-order model to predict the radial variation of disc and fluid-core temperatures, and the mass exchange (entrainment) to the rotating cavity. Fundamental physical principles and experimental data are used to create a single set of Rayleigh-Grashof correlations for heat transfer and radial mass flow of buoyant plumes. The model is applied to eleven test cases from experimental rigs at Bath, Dresden and Sussex, each with unique instrumentation, thermal boundary conditions, geometries and throughflow swirl. Empirical correlations for exchange and recirculation mass flow were determined for each rig using a common theoretical methodology. The model captures the heat and mass transfer characteristics with accuracy quantified relative to experimental data.New experimental data from the Bath Compressor Cavity Rig is used to validate the model under conditions of asymmetrical heating, demonstrating the effects associated with the axial gradient of temperature in the compressor are captured appropriately. The consistent agreement with experimental data and correlation methodology demonstrates a robust framework appropriate for application to thermo-mechanical design codes in the aero-engine
Synchronisation of the Unsteady Pressure Field: an Explanation for Amplified Ingress
Get PDFThe efficiency of aero-engines is linked to increased turbine entry temperature and a secondary air system that protects vulnerable components under high thermal stresses and metal temperatures. Purge (or sealing) air from the compressor is used to limit the ingress of hot mainstream annulus gases into rotorstator cavities in the high-pressure turbine. Accurately predicting ingress, and understanding conditions under which it is amplified, is a significant challenge for the engine designer.Experimental data gathered from a 1.5-stage turbine facility and a mathematical, physics-informed model are used to link the rotation of large-scale structures (instabilities) near the rim seal with amplified ingress. The Ingress Wave Model identifies the swirl of cyclonic-anticyclonic vortex pairs (instabilities) in the cavity as the transport mechanism for ingress. The intensity of these unsteady rotating structures is maximised if the circumferential pressure field in the cavity is synchronised (hence superposition) to that in the annulus. Cross-correlation of unsteady pressure measurements in the cavity forward of the rotor revealed this synchronisation was to the pressure field caused by downstream rotating blades. In the aft cavity, this synchronisation was in the stationary frame of reference and associated with the downstream vanes.The effects of amplified ingress are shown to be significant and exist in turbine rigs featuring a wide range of blade and vane counts. In terms of new knowledge and originality, the synchronisation to the pressure field provides the first explanation of this important physical mechanism. A criterion for the engine designer to avoid this phenomenon is proposed.<br/
Analysis of longitudinal-vertical coupling vibration of four hub motors driven electric vehicle under unsteady condition
Get PDFThe influence of hub motor unbalanced magnetic force (UMF) on the vibration of electric vehicle under steady state conditions has been known, but under unsteady conditions, the hub motor UMF will change with the vehicle operation condition, and there would exist complex coupling vibration for the hub motors driven electric vehicle. Here, the longitudinal-vertical coupling dynamics of the four hub motors driven electric vehicle under unsteady condition is studied. Integrating the motor electromagnetic excitation and electric vehicle dynamics, a longitudinal-vertical coupling dynamics model of the four hub motors driven electric vehicle is established. Based on the variable switching frequency field-oriented control model, analytical model of the UMFs acting on the motor stator and rotor parts under unsteady condition are developed. For model validation, a four hub motors driven electric vehicle has been tested, the accuracy of the longitudinal-vertical coupling dynamics model established in this paper was verified. Then, longitudinal-vertical coupling vibration characteristics of the four hub motors driven electric vehicle under road excitation and coupling excitation are analyzed. The results show that the longitudinal and vertical movement of the four hub motors driven electric vehicle is coupled by hub motor. In addition, under unsteady condition, the motor UMFs will cause vertical vibration of the electric vehicle body and hub motor stator, the vibration shows order characteristics including low order harmonic hfc and inverter switching frequency sideband harmonic k1fs±k2fc (fc = pn/60, fs is inverter switching frequency, k1 and k2 are positive integers, p is the number of pole pairs and n is motor speed.). The motor electromagnetic torque will cause longitudinal vibration of the electric vehicle body, the vibration shows order characteristics including harmonics fs±3fc and 2fs. The main harmonic of vehicle body pitch angle acceleration is 2fs.</p
Economic Freedom and the Quality of Education
Get PDFThis paper finds robust evidence that economic freedom improves the quality of education. This is probably mainly because economic freedom incentivizes parents to invest in high-quality education for their children and helps them to do so. It also incentivizes and helps both governments and private providers to deliver high-quality education. The paper uses two different indicators of educational quality: PISA scores and the World Bank's harmonized test scores. The magnitudes of the estimated effects of economic freedom on both indicators are substantial. They are even larger once the indirect impact of economic freedom via GDP per capita and, to a lesser extent, once the indirect impact via government education expenditure is taken into account. The paper uses data on up to 49 countries for PISA scores and up to 137 countries for World Bank scores. It accounts for the endogeneity of economic freedom and controls for all major determinants of educational quality.</p
Rupture as generative of professional agency:Narratives from student teachers on placement during school closures
Get PDFExisting ways of knowing how to prepare people to become teachers were insufficient when COVID-19 closed schools, and some enduring hierarchies in teacher preparation were unsettled. This re-positioned qualified and student teachers as equally inexperienced in the circumstances. We contribute to post-COVID-19 educational research by considering the impact on student teachers through the historical socio-cultural lenses of phylogenesis (societal), ontogenesis (cultural) and microgenesis (individual). Our small qualitative study conducted interviews with four student teachers from undergraduate and postgraduate programmes whose practical placements, in a range of geographical contexts, were disrupted by school closures. Thematic analysis of student teachers’ narratives during school closures identified how disrupted hierarchies became generative spaces for the development of student teacher professional agency. Though the initial ruptures of social activity have passed, successive global (financial, environmental, political) and personal crises characterise the current era, with implications for teacher education about developing student teachers’ professional agency to cope with ongoing types of disruption in professional practice
An interactive technology-based emotion recognition intervention for children with developmental language disorder:a longitudinal mixed-method study
Get PDFRecent studies have shown that children with developmental language disorder (DLD) often face challenges in emotion recognition (ER) skills, which impacts their social and behavioural outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a flexible online intervention in meeting the individual needs of children with DLD, focusing on ER skills. The study also sought to explore the impact of the ER intervention on the emotional well-being of children with DLD. A longitudinal mixed-method design was conducted with 10 children with DLD, employing a weekly assessment and comprehensive pre- and post-assessments to pinpoint specific ER challenges and changes. Weekly phone calls (WPC) were also used to follow-up on participants’ progress and understanding of changes in ER skills. Individual analysis revealed that varied use of intervention phases and degrees of improvement were identified as families were flexible in this program. The intervention results highlighted significant improvements in basic vocal ER skills and emotional problems among children with DLD. Clinical implications include integrating targeted ER interventions into DLD intervention programs and identifying specific areas of difficulty for individualised support
Improving National and International Surveillance of Movement Behaviours in Childhood and Adolescence:An International Modified Delphi Study
Get PDFBACKGROUND: The actions required to achieve higher-quality and harmonised global surveillance of child and adolescent movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour including screen time, sleep) are unclear.OBJECTIVE: To identify how to improve surveillance of movement behaviours, from the perspective of experts.METHODS: This Delphi Study involved 62 experts from the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years and Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance (AHKGA). Two survey rounds were used, with items categorised under: (1) funding, (2) capacity building, (3) methods, and (4) other issues (e.g., policymaker awareness of relevant WHO Guidelines and Strategies). Expert participants ranked 40 items on a five-point Likert scale from 'extremely' to 'not at all' important. Consensus was defined as > 70% rating of 'extremely' or 'very' important.RESULTS: We received 62 responses to round 1 of the survey and 59 to round 2. There was consensus for most items. The two highest rated round 2 items in each category were the following; for funding (1) it was greater funding for surveillance and public funding of surveillance; for capacity building (2) it was increased human capacity for surveillance (e.g. knowledge, skills) and regional or global partnerships to support national surveillance; for methods (3) it was standard protocols for surveillance measures and improved measurement method for screen time; and for other issues (4) it was greater awareness of physical activity guidelines and strategies from WHO and greater awareness of the importance of surveillance for NCD prevention. We generally found no significant differences in priorities between low-middle-income (n = 29) and high-income countries (n = 30) or between SUNRISE (n = 20), AHKGA (n = 26) or both (n = 13) initiatives. There was a lack of agreement on using private funding for surveillance or surveillance research.CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a prioritised and international consensus list of actions required to improve surveillance of movement behaviours in children and adolescents globally.</p
Drug–Drug Interaction Between Dihydroartemisinin–Piperaquine and Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine During Malaria Chemoprevention in Pregnant Women
Get PDFCo-administration of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DP) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) may be superior in preventing adverse birth outcomes compared with either therapy alone, but potential drug–drug interactions require investigation. We conducted intensive and sparse pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in a subset of Ugandan women participating in a randomized controlled trial of monthly IPTp with SP vs. DP vs. DP + SP. Intensive PK sampling was performed from day 0 to 23 after dosing at 28 weeks gestation in 87 participants across treatment arms. Sparse sampling was performed on day 28 (trough) after dosing at 20 and 28 gestational weeks in additional 196 participants receiving SP vs. DP + SP. Intensive PK analysis demonstrated that compared with SP alone, co-administration of DP + SP was associated with lower maximal concentrations, the area under the concentration–time curves (AUC), and day 23 concentrations of sulfadoxine (25%, 25%, and 27%) and pyrimethamine (26%, 34%, and 32%) (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Sparse PK results demonstrated participants co-administered DP + SP had lower trough concentrations after dosing at 20 and 28 gestational weeks for sulfadoxine (6%, P = 0.68 and 31%, P = 0.023, respectively) and pyrimethamine (18%, P = 0.032 and 33%, P < 0.001, respectively) compared with SP alone. Co-administration of DP + SP was associated with a 19% reduction in piperaquine AUC (P = 0.046), but no significant difference in other PK parameters compared with DP alone. In summary, co-administration of DP + SP was associated with significantly reduced SP exposure, with a greater magnitude during the third vs. second trimester. The clinical consequences of this interaction are yet unknown.</p
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