Lund University Publications
Not a member yet
244244 research outputs found
Sort by
Immigrant Background and Rape Conviction : A 21-Year Follow-Up Study in Sweden
No full textWhile extensive research exists on the severe consequences among rape victims, little is known about specific predictors in relation to rape convictions among immigrants to Europe. This study from Sweden (having one of Europe's highest per capita rates of rape) investigates individuals convicted of rape, aggravated rape, attempted rape, or attempted aggravated rape, collectively termed as rape+, against women 18 years or older, from 2000 to 2020. In this case-control study, we analyzed data from Swedish population-based registers. The analysis includes 4,032 individuals convicted of rape+ and 20,160 matched controls. We used logistic regression models to examine the relationship between immigrant background and rape+ convictions, while adjusting for several potential confounders. We found that 36.9% of the convicted individuals and 69.5% of the controls were Swedish-born with two Swedish-born parents. The odds of being convicted of rape were higher for individuals with an immigrant background across all models. After adjusting for potential confounders (socioeconomic status, substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders, and criminal behavior), these odds decreased but remained significant, especially for those born outside Sweden and arriving at age 15 or older. Our findings reveal a strong link between immigrant background and rape convictions that remains after statistical adjustment. The mechanisms behind the overrepresentation of individuals with an immigrant background among those convicted of rape+ need further exploration
Positive Obligations as Coercive ‘Rights’ and Compulsory Vaccination under the European Convention on Human Rights
No full textThis article assesses what is analytically at stake when individuals claim that their rights under the European Convention on Human Rights have been interfered with and the respondent State invokes compliance with positive human rights obligations as the aim pursued with the interference. These situations could be framed as manifesting a tension between negative and positive obligations. This is a framing that was accepted in the compulsory vaccination case of Vavřička and Others v the Czech Republic. By using the reasoning and the framing endorsed in this judgment, the article demonstrates that there were no positive obligations at stake. By accepting that there was a tension between obligations, the Court in this case allowed general interests to operate under the façade of individual rights. While the State can and should protect general interests, such as public health, the coercive measures used in the pursuit of these interests are not commands that form the content of positive human right obligations
Aceh Chinese Negotiated Belonging : Memory, Place, and Identity
No full textThis dissertation focuses on Aceh Chinese’s lived experiences in Aceh, an Indonesian province marked by repeated violence and major social changes. These include the 1965–1966 anti-communist mass killings, the protracted conflict between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian state, the devastation of the 2004 tsunami, and the implementation of Shariʿa law. It addresses how the community remembers those events, how those memories are reflected in places and rituals performed by the community, and how they shape place, identity and belonging within both Aceh and Indonesia. Central to this study is an analysis of how memory, identity, and belonging are negotiated through everyday practices. The dissertation argues that, despite political and religious constraints, Aceh Chinese find ways to reinterpret and resist pressures from political authority, legal structures, and social hierarchies. Through everyday acts of negotiation and resistance, they assert their rightful presence and reshape their social position, even as these efforts face continuous challenges
On the Edge : In situ Kelvin probe AFM on InP nanowire arrays
No full textSurface physics play an outsized role in nanostructured electronic devices such as solar cells. Semiconductor nanowires are perfect candidates for advanced solar cells due to their outstanding light absorption properties and their flexibility in axially stacking materials of different doping and band gap. Due to nanowire geometry, however, their surfaces dominate device performance and at the same time are challenging to investigate. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based method, provides a unique structural and electrical characterization even in unconventional 3D geometries. We demonstrate a high-resolution, non-destructive AFM technique for directly measuring nanowires within an array and still on their growth substrate. This in situ approach ensures measurement integrity and relevance while preserving the structures for subsequent measurement and processing. When compared with electron beam-induced current, cross-sectional KPFM is both more surface sensitive and less destructive. Utilizing such a cross-sectional approach facilitates rapid and comprehensive characterization of nanoelectronic surfaces
Environmental dynamics recorded at Dupljaja loess section (southeastern Carpathian Basin, northern Serbia)
No full textThe Dupljaja loess-palaeosol sequence in the southeasternmost sector of the Banat Loess Plateau, Serbia, is of significant palaeoenvironmental importance. Situated within the southeastern Carpathian (Middle Danube) Basin, it provides valuable insights into the climatic evolution during the last glacial period and role of the southeastern Carpathians as a potential migration corridor for early humans across Europe.The stratigraphic pattern of the Dupljaja section mirrors analogous profiles in the northern Serbia, based on luminescence dating and the correlation of magnetic record with the Marine Oxygen Isotope stratigraphy. Importantly, the grain size data from the section provides crucial insight into regional dust accumulation dynamics. Three distinct depositional modes are identified: finer modes were dominant in the Holocene and late last glacial intervals, whereas a coarser mode prevailed in the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 interval. To better understand these variations in grain size records, we have undertaken a comparative analysis of regional palaeoclimate model data between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and typical Greenland Stadial and Interstadial conditions. Model results indicate slightly drier regional climate conditions during the LGM than during stadial, while granulometry data suggests that the deposition of coarser loess during MIS 3 is related to drier conditions in the local source area (the Danube River alluvial plain), resulting in coarser material available for aeolian action. We propose that the drier hydroclimate of the Danube Palaeolithic corridor associated with steppic environmental conditions between ∼53–37 ka may have facilitated migrations of anatomically modern humans from Asia into Europe
Pandemins läkarpatienter - Några narratologiska nedslag
No full textAtt läsa och tolka nedtecknade vittnesmål kan öka vår förståelse för hur covid-19-pandemin påverkade vårdpersonal både mentalt och fysiskt. I den här artikeln undersöker vi några av de jobbrelaterade och existentiella svårigheter som läkare mötte under pandemin när det gällde personlig hälsa och välbefinnande. Artikeln använder sig av några av de berättelser som publicerades i amerikansk kontext under pandemiåren
Real-World Applications of Anomaly Detection : Detecting the Unexpected Through Distributional Modelling
No full textIn many machine learning tasks, the premise is designed around predetermined targets and clear expectations of model behaviour. In such cases, there is a direct definition of the optimal mappings between inputs and outputs, which can be learned given sufficiently sized datasets and models. However, in many real-world scenarios, tasks are often not as well-posed and instead defined around detecting the unexpected, the anomalies.There are many ways of modelling distributions of data points, but in cases of complex high-dimensional data, like images, traditional parametric distributions often fall short. The large non-linear dependencies between pixel values and the cluster-like properties of natural categories make image distributions difficult to model. Instead, recent years have seen advances by using neural networks recontextualized as parametric distributions to construct probabilistic models of natural images. This thesis investigates how such methods hold up in real-world applications. Modelling data in the wild results in several challenges compared to the controlled conditions of many benchmarks. Instead, by applying these methods in real-world settings, they can be evaluated on their impact and usefulness on downstream tasks. By moving research and method development closer to the intended applications, this thesis aims to highlight some of the benefits that can be gained from bridging the gap between theory and practice.This thesis contains three main research contributions. The first is a theoretical method development paper that delves into the statistics and machine learning techniques used in the field of anomaly detection. This paper investigates how conditional distributions can be modelled better in variational autoencoder (VAE) models. Commonly, such methods use conditional class clusters which are fully learned by the model. This paper finds that VAE-style models can generalize better with small amounts of rigidity in cluster positions.The second paper applies these techniques to the field of breast cancer diagnosis. Traditional mammography is a reliable way of diagnosing breast cancer, but is not available globally due to economic constraints. Point-of-care Ultrasound (POCUS) is a promising alternative. However, such images are harder to capture and can contain artifacts that make diagnosis difficult. By modelling the distribution of properly captured POCUS images, we are able to filter out images with artifacts that make them unsuitable for diagnosis. Paper three applies distributional modelling to the agricultural sector to model how crop yield is distributed over fields using graph neural networks. Using publicly available remote sensing data from the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites, the model is able to estimate how harvest levels were distributed in the past and how the yield will vary in future years. The goal of this study is to provide farmers with more information on how yield is distributed, thereby decreasing cost and mitigating eutrophication caused by over-fertilization
Complement activation in anti-glomerular basement membrane disease before and after treatment with imlifidase
No full textBACKGROUND: The involvement of the complement system in anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease is well known but incompletely characterized. The ability of autoantibodies to trigger the classical pathway is evident, while the lectin and alternative pathways also seem to be of importance. We studied complement activation in patients treated with imlifidase, which leads to rapid IgG depletion, to elucidate the role of complement in anti-GBM disease.METHODS: The GOOD-IDES-01 trial included 15 anti-GBM disease patients treated with one dose of imlifidase in addition to standard therapy with 6 months of follow-up. Plasma samples were analyzed for C3, C4 and complement activation products [C4d, C3bBbP and soluble terminal complement complexes (sTCC)]. Ratios of C4d/C4 and C3bBbP/C3 were calculated to correct for plasmapheresis. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-drug antibodies (ADA) directed against imlifidase.RESULTS: The C4d/C4 ratio decreased rapidly from its pre-dose level, while sTCC decreased more slowly. sTCC and C3bBbP/C3 were above the reference level throughout the trial. We observed a transient increase in C4d/C4 and C3bBbP/C3, but not sTCC, immediately following treatment with imlifidase, which tended to be more pronounced in patients with more pre-existing ADA.CONCLUSIONS: Classical pathway activation decreased rapidly after autoantibody removal by imlifidase and increased again in most of those that experienced a rebound, but terminal complement activation remained elevated throughout the trial. However, due to the small sample size our results must be interpreted with caution