Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (E-Journal)
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Is there a wage penalty associated with a degree of indecision in career aspirations?
Full text linkIn this longitudinal study, we test whether varying degrees of indecision about future career choices at age 16 have long-term economic consequences in adulthood, taking into account potential gender differences. Findings from a British cohort born in 1970 indicate that young people who were completely undecided about job choices did experience a wage penalty at age 34 compared to young people who were certain about their job aspirations. This association was significant even after controlling for family socioeconomic status, parental expectations and academic ability at age 16. However, the wage penalty was mediated by educational attainment and part-time employment at age 34. Not being entirely certain about one’s future profession by age 16 seems to be part of a career decision making process which does not necessarily incur a wage penalty for most young people, especially if it involves the acquisition of education qualifications
Wage differentials after a career break: A latent growth model on Belgian register data
Full text linkThis article analyses income differentials after re-entry into the labour market between people who have had a career break and people who have not by applying latent growth modelling to a sample of longitudinal register data. The results suggest that when comparing the incomes of those who return from a break with those who did not have a break there are significant initial income differences to the disadvantage of the former. Moreover, the income differentials between men were greater than those between women. In addition, significant additional income growth was found after the break for women but not for men. The evidence suggests that such leave is more socially acceptable for women but leads to significant negative income differentials among men
Challenges of the third decade of life: The significance of social and psychological resources
Full text linkIntroduction to the special section on transitions in young adulthood
Education and civic engagement: A comparative study of the benefits of post-compulsory education in England and Germany
Full text linkThis paper examines the role of different types of post-compulsory education in determining civic engagement (political interest and election participation) in England and Germany. The educational systems of England and Germany provide ideal comparators for investigating the social benefits of education, in particular those that accrue from vocational education. The paper uses two longitudinal panel surveys, the British Household Panel Survey and the German Socio-Economic Panel for empirical purposes. Contrary to our expectations, our findings revealed few differences between the two countries: the level of political interest is the same for youth who had a vocational degree as those without any further qualifications, in both England and Germany. Similarly, greater levels of interest in politics were observed in adulthood for youth who had achieved academic qualifications in both countries. Likewise voting behaviour in particular was associated with the achievement of academic qualifications in Germany and to some extent with the achievement of mixed vocational and academic qualifications in England
Comparing methods of classifying life courses: sequence analysis and latent class analysis
Full text linkWe compare life course typology solutions generated by sequence analysis (SA) and latent class analysis (LCA). First, we construct an analytic protocol to arrive at typology solutions for both methodologies and present methods to compare the empirical quality of alternative typologies. We apply this protocol to develop and compare SA- and LCA-derived family-life typologies for women born between 1960 and 1964 in 15 European countries, using data from the Family and Fertility Survey. This paper contributes to the use of these classification techniques in four different ways. First, we present guidelines on how to establish the number of classes or clusters to use. Second, we show how to evaluate the stability of these clusters. Third, we provide a way to evaluate the validity of these clusters and finally, we provide for a formal heuristic to relate the stochastically defined latent classes to the distance-based clusters found with SA
Adverse childhood experiences, non-response and loss to follow-up: Findings from a prospective birth cohort and recommendations for addressing missing data
Full text linkAdverse childhood experiences have wide-ranging impacts on population health but are inherently difficult to study. Retrospective self-report is commonly used to identify exposure but adult population samples may be biased by non-response and loss to follow-up. We explored the implications of missing data for research on child abuse and neglect, domestic violence, parental mental illness and parental substance use. Using 15 waves of data collected over 28 years in a population-based birth cohort, the Australian Temperament Project, we examined the relationship between retrospective self-reports of adverse childhood experiences and parent- and cohort-responsiveness at other time points. We then compared prevalence estimates under complete case analysis, inverse probability-weighting using baseline auxiliary variables, multiple imputation using baseline auxiliary variables, multiple imputation using auxiliary variables from all waves, and multiple imputation using additional measures of participant responsiveness. Retrospective self-reports of adverse childhood experiences were strongly associated with non-response by both parents and cohort members at all observable time points. Biases in complete case estimates appeared large and inverse probability-weighting did not reduce them. Multiple imputation increased the estimated prevalence of any adverse childhood experiences from 30.0% to 36.9% with only baseline auxiliary variables, 39.7% with a larger set of auxiliary variables and 44.0% when measures of responsiveness were added. Close attention must be paid to missing data and non-response in research on adverse childhood experiences as data are unlikely to be missing at random. Common approaches may greatly underestimate their prevalence and compromise analysis of their causes and consequences. Sophisticated techniques using a wide range of auxiliary variables are critical in this field of research, including, where possible, measures of participant responsiveness
TREE (Transitions from Education to Employment): A Swiss multi-cohort survey
Full text linkTREE (Transitions from Education to Employment) is a Swiss nationwide longitudinal study that follows two cohorts of compulsory school leavers throughout their transitions from education to employment and middle adulthood. To date, the first cohort survey (initial N=6,343) based on the Swiss PISA 2000 sample has covered a 14-year period from age 15 to 29 (nine follow-up surveys). The second cohort survey started in 2016 (with one follow-up survey in spring 2017 so far; initial N=9,762) and is based on a large national representative sample of students (N=22,378) who sat a mathematics test at the end of the ninth grade (approximately 15 years old). TREE is designed to provide comprehensive data for the analysis of post-compulsory education, employment and other pathways (e.g. family and household situation, income/financial situation, critical life events, social integration and participation, psycho-social personal characteristics, health and wellbeing). As a social science infrastructure project of national and international importance, its data is freely available to the scientific community at large. This paper provides an overview of the TREE study with a specific focus on the latest data release (September 2016) for the first TREE cohort
The impact of parental employment trajectories on the children’s early adulthood education and employment trajectories in the Finnish birth cohort 1987
No full textThe Finnish Birth Cohort 1987 grew up during the recession that hit Finland in the early 1990s, which had an impact on their parents’ activity in the labour market. In this paper we use Finnish register data to build employment and education sequences for all young people born in Finland in 1987 for the period 2005–2012 and employment sequences for all their parents for the entire length of their children’s lives from 1987 until 2012. The sequences were analysed and clustered, and four multinomial logistic regression models were used to find how parents’ trajectories connect to their children’s early adulthood trajectories. Most parents had been on a stable employment trajectory, but we found mothers and fathers who were absent from the labour market during the recession of the 1990s and after it – and some parents never entirely returned to work during this 1987–2012 follow-up. Likewise, most children were either on an employment or education trajectory, but we found groups of children who were on very early child care trajectories, unemployment trajectories, or on a trajectory with no records in the Finnish registers, which in the Finnish context implies that those young people are not employed, not in education and not receiving any of the various benefits. Disadvantageous trajectories were mostly very lasting. We found strong connections between parents’ disadvantages in the labour market and children’s disadvantageous early adulthood trajectories, even when adjusting for strong background variables. The strongest connections arise from parents’ long absences from the labour market