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Proposing Notaries’ Deed Digitalization in Indonesia: A Legal Perspective
Get PDFAlong with emerging technology, a notary public's role should adjust this changing development, mainly dealing with a deed. Technological development inevitably impacts the role of a notary public and the future digitization of notarial deeds. To date, notaries in Indonesia remain implementing laws and regulations that have not been changed. In contrast, technological development has shifted rapidly, especially on the notaries' task in appearing, reading, signing, and using stamps. This study aimed to identify the challenges of implementing notaries’ deed digitalization by taking into account rapid technological development. With legal research, this study showed that as a consequence of technological development, notarial functions’ disruption in Indonesia evoked a concept of a cyber notary, an idea of notarial function through an online system. As it has flourished globally, digital disruptions had brought out an electronic system that changed the implementation of works, business, professions, and functions, mainly to notarial functions. Nevertheless, no specific rules were established to amend Notary Law 02/2014, particularly to the requisites of authentic deeds by a cyber notary. Indonesia applied some restrictions on technology to maintain the legality of authentic deeds to place the notarial profession as a public official consistently.
KEYWORDS: Indonesian Notaries, Technological Development, Deed Digitalization
The Legal Aspect of Consumers' Protection from Pop-Up Advertisements in Indonesia
Get PDFPop-up advertisements have become prevalent on websites. When users click on the banner, they navigate a separate window; banner and pop-up advertisements contain attractive audio-visual and animated graphics. This intrusive advertising has not explicitly regulated Indonesia's current legislation, including Electronic Transaction and Information Law 11/2008 (ITE Law). Also, it is exempted in the Indonesian Pariwara Ethics, guidelines for advertising ethics and procedure in Indonesia. This study aimed to revisit consumers’ protection toward pop-up advertisements in Indonesia, with two main discussions. First, it discussed online consumers' perceptions of pop-up advertisements and the classification of their responses. Second, it enquired to what extent the legal and ethics protection for online consumers in Indonesia. By using empirical legal research, this study concluded that the ITE Law prohibits anyone from spreading online information with content that violates immorality and gambling, as it often contains in pop-up advertisements. Through the lens of business ethics, pop-up advertisements are new media and they should not be installed in such a way as to interfere with the freedom of internet users, given that pop-up advertisements do not reflect the ethics of honesty, trust, and advice in business.
KEYWORDS: Consumers’ Protection, Online Advertisements, Business Ethics
Arguments to Apply Constitutional Guarantees in the Private Sector
Get PDFConstitutional guarantees are such a body of interests or basic human rights which are inevitable for each human being. These rights are principally inherent, inalienable, and universal, and therefore, irrespective of race, sex, caste, color, or religion, everyone can enjoy them. Constitutional guarantees are distinct from all other rights and privileges because of at least two unique characteristics, such as intrinsic in nature, and inalienability. These guarantees are crucial in the state-individual relations, and recognized by major laws of the civilized nations, and often enshrined in the national constitutions. For instance, the US Constitution signifies the essence of these rights through the expression of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Nonetheless, very often, many citizens across the globe are deprived of these rights on numerous pretends and grounds, and mostly, on the public-private dichotomy. This study examined contemporary legal and philosophical discourses as to whether the constitutional guarantees of human rights apply in the private sectors in Malaysia, India, and the United States. This study used doctrinal legal research methodology with a qualitative approach based on library resources. The findings of this study showed that constitutional guarantees, primarily human rights, are presumed to have been neither created nor made but originated like organic growth. Accordingly, no authority can take them away. By examining various logics from theological to socio-historical points of view and the theory of international law, this study concluded that constitutional guarantees, particularly the equal protection of the law, should apply horizontally to cover both public and private sectors.
KEYWORDS: Constitutional Guarantees, Human Rights, Public-Private Sectors
Economic Democracy and the Quest of Net Neutrality in Indonesia
Get PDFNet neutrality has played critical issues in internet-based businesses, as it may stop Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from discriminating against certain legal internet contents, platforms, or services. This study argued that net neutrality has a strong relationship with economic democracy as the constitutional basis of the Indonesian economy. This study examined net neutrality and considered its possible adoption in Indonesia under economic democracy by justifying economic democracy required the state to build an inclusive economy as per political economy theory. It used a socio-legal method through an interdisciplinary study of law and political economy with conceptual and comparative approaches. The study showed that the idea of the internet as a level playing field was founding net neutrality. For instance, in the United States and across different Global South countries, net neutrality relied on three orders of no blocking, no throttling, and no paid prioritization, which provided equal access for everyone to create their opportunities. At this point, economic democracy and net neutrality made their cross-cut. Like net neutrality, a discriminatory action against a content provider violated economic democracy, where policy-makers formulated economic policies to enable a level playing field for economic actors. Minimum barriers to entering the market might create such a level playing field. Without net neutrality, ISPs could carry out arbitrary actions and abuse of power for business interests. This study concluded that the adoption of net neutrality into formal regulation created a positive climate of innovation in the digital business ecosystem in Indonesia.
KEYWORDS: Economic Democracy, Net Neutrality, Digital Economy
COVID-19 Vaccinations and the Right to Health in Indonesia: Social Justice Analysis
Get PDFWhile the COVID-19 pandemic is far from the end, vaccinations have become an inevitable alternative in combating this pandemic. According to the WHO, COVID-19 vaccines are considered public goods. Consequently, they should be distributed equally to the citizens as the fulfillment of the right to health. This study aimed to analyze how COVID-19 vaccinations in Indonesia have been practiced. Also, it examined the government’s responsibility to ensure that COVID-19 vaccines are distributed equally in reflecting distributive justice by enquiring to what extent the government’s policy on independent vaccination relates to the fulfillment of human rights. This study used a legal research method based on a literature review. This study showed that some aspects of the vaccination are under distributive justice and welfare state. However, the Gotong Royong vaccination policy does not refer to distributive justice and the welfare state, resulting in injustice, discrimination, and economic inequality because it only provides certain privileged citizens access to vaccines. Therefore, the government needs to reconsider the Gotong Royong vaccination, focusing on accelerating the vaccination system for vulnerable individuals and groups.
KEYWORDS: COVID-19, Right to Health, Social Justice, Vulnerable Groups
International Legal Instruments in Responding to Human Trafficking
Get PDFHuman trafficking grows and develops rapidly, with various motives and types of crimes. Various obstacles are faced in handling human trafficking cases, ranging from inadequate legal instruments to weak law enforcement. This study overviewed the international legal instrument on human trafficking cases, following the identification of the recent forms and issues in enquiring how international legal instruments deal with human trafficking. This study used legal research method by referring to international laws as the source of law in compiling this human trafficking research. This study found that various instruments and international cooperation have dealt with human trafficking cases. However, in various related studies, these different legal instruments did not have a clear and binding force when the issue occurs in the domestic state. In addition, human trafficking in various legal instruments also had many types, and all of them are interrelated. This study highlighted and concluded that in making various international legal instruments effective in this case, more intensive international cooperation was needed, both regionally and globally.
KEYWORDS: Human Trafficking, Labor Human Rights, Criminal Law
Risk Mitigation of Disease Pandemic in the Indonesian Banking Industry: In Response to COVID-19
Get PDFAs an intermediary institution, the banking industry plays a critical function in the economy. Unpredictable conditions such as disease pandemic, exemplified from the unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak, result in loss to the banking industry due to the weakening of the national economy. In the future, then, the banking industry requires early preventive action for a similar case through specific risk mitigation towards disease pandemic. This paper aims to discuss the urgency of the risk mitigation towards the pandemic in the banking industry, following the risk mitigation scheme in facing the pandemic with its relevant regulation. This paper shows that the pandemic's responsive risk mitigation has become essential to strengthen the banking’s intermediary function and performance during the pandemic. The existing risk mitigation regulation solely relates to the non-performing loan in normal conditions. In the meantime, disease pandemic like COVID-19 is excluded because it is beyond the normal situation. Its adverse impact has leveraged more significant extent due to emergency conditions. In case of a disease pandemic, the bank can soon take early preventive action before the pandemic strikes within the domestic territory without waiting for central government-specific regulation, but it should. However, it remains practiced under the relevant laws.
KEYWORDS: Risk Mitigation, Disease Pandemic, COVID-19, Banking Industry, Indonesia
Euthanasia and the Assessment of Patients' Autonomy Rights in the Indonesian Criminal Code
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze and clarify the application of criminal law principles in cases of euthanasia. The concept of euthanasia is a new thought in criminal law that arises because of humans' desire to determine life's direction. The realization of life's ownership of oneself gives birth to the thought that one can hasten one's death. The conception of self-determination in euthanasia is by realizing the right to autonomy, which is an essential principle in medical law. However, the manifestation of euthanasia as the fulfillment of autonomy has a conflict with criminal law, especially in Indonesia. In Indonesia, the conflict of norms on euthanasia and the provisions of criminal law can be seen in the legislative product, namely the Criminal Code (KUHP), which clearly reflects euthanasia prohibition. A study of euthanasia in criminal law principles shows that health regulation, especially regarding euthanasia, needs to pay attention to the right to patient autonomy as its main principle. The conflict over the right to autonomy and Indonesian criminal law creates a conflict of norms that further tests euthanasia's legality in Indonesia.
KEYWORDS: Indonesian Criminal Code. Patient's Autonomy, Religious Values
Pelaksanaan Gadai Tanah Pertanian di Desa Gumukmas Kecamatan Gumukmas Kabupaten Jember
Get PDFLaw Number 56 PRP of 1960 concerning the Establishment of Agricultural Land Area has regulated how to redeem pawned land. In Gumukmas Village, Gumukmas Subdistrict, Jember Regency the practice of agricultural land pawning is still widely found in the community, this is due to the many factors that cause the people to mortgage their land. Forms of agreement regarding the redemption of pawning are also various following the agreement of the parties concerned. In some areas the pawning agreement is known by several terms, sende is a term of pawning used by Javanese indigenous people. Resale is one of the ways to redeem pawning land that applies in Gumukmas Village, that is, if the landowner cannot pay the pawning to the pawning holder within the time specified in the initial agreement, then the land that becomes the object of the pawn will be sold and the proceeds from the sale land are used to pay the mortgage and if the money from the sale is still left, it will be returned to the landowner.
KEYWORDS: Fiduciary, Land, Farm Land, Pawn of Agricultural Land
Regulating Pet Insurance in Indonesia
Get PDFNowadays Indonesia has not had a regulation on pet insurance. Meanwhile, in practice, there already are some pet insurance products. This gap has led to pet insurance policies that are only being based on general contract regulations and principles. One of the general contract principles is the consensual principle which is outlined in Article 1320 paragraph 1 of the Civil Code. The research of this paper is conducted based on pet insurance regulations, principles and norms application. It concludes that pet insurance policies that are being based only on the consensual principle have binding legal force as regulated on Article 1338 of the Civil Code. The conception of pet insurance in Indonesia subsequently should refer to the Ministerial Regulations, such as the Regulation of Minister of Agriculture Number 40/Permentan/SR.230/7/2015 regarding Agriculture Insurance Facility and also other supplementary regulations.
Keywords: Pet Insurance, Insurance Law, Insurance Contracts