Celt: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching & Literature
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH ADJECTIVES FROM OLD ENGLISH TO MODERN ENGLISH
Get PDFThis paper discusses the development of adjectives in Old
English, Middle English, and Modern English. In the discussion it is found that the Old English'adjectives had inflectional modification to indicate numbers, genders, cases, and degrees of comparisons, and there was a distinction of weak and strong declensions. In Middle English, most of the declensional distinctions were lost, the general tendency of the language being to drop all suffixes. Adjectives in Modem English do not change their forms to show changes in number. case, or gender; and only, a few adjectives o/the pronominal class possess meanings which indicate number. One, and every, each modify singular nouns while several. few. many modify, only plural substantives. I" Modem English no adjective is capable of indicating gender or case
USING SIMULATION TO MOTIVATE SPEAKING SKILL IN BUSINESS ENGLISH CLASSROOM
No full textTeaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) should be intendedfor communicative functions. This implies that teaching English is to enable students to acquire knowledge and skills to communicate effectively. Language learning seems to occur most effectively when students have opportunities to use the language. Theidea to use simulation in teaching English is considering students who are not motivated to study English in Business English class and it is meant to create interactive classes. Therefore,they areguided to create the situation where they can use the language. In fact, the students are claimed to master English either passively or actively for their future benefit after they graduate from their study. When they graduate they not only master their major study but also expert in using English for communication. In this article it isproposed some examples of simulation that are
effective in business English classes; making business plan,
conducting meeting, doing negotiation and presentation. To
apply the simulation, the students are asked to make a roleplay. After the simulation is conducted, it is expected that the students are able to use the language interactively and creatively
DOVETAILING CULTURAL VALUES TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
No full textOne of the aftermaths of colonial rule in India has been the legacy of English language and literature. Even in this postcolonial phase of renewed interest in national literature, English continues to be the lingua franca in this multi-lingual and multi-racial nation. Yet, this paper argues, there is perceptible change sweeping the English curriculum in Indian universities.
The change in the content of ELT has been effected with a view to introduce Indian cultural values in the place of heavy alien western content. The General English course which is common to all the undergraduate students now includes value-based culture-centered essays and speeches by Indian cultural exponents like Vivekananda, Dr. Radhakrishnan, Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore and Nehru .The English major paper, too includes works of well- known Indian English writers and translations of regional writings.
The paper addresses the continued need for English in the national and international arena, but demonstrates that the content of the English curriculum is increasingly becoming national which is in tune with the postcolonial fighting phase outlined by Franz Fanon. It argues, with illustrations, that ELT with native cultural content would make English more acceptable to the Indian psyche and promote a changed vista of aesthetic-semantic nature and texture of language against the background of native experience and imagination
(EASTERN) SUMBA AND ITS GENRES OF ORAL TRADITION
Get PDFThis paper provides some information on the island of Sumba and its people. As a cultural community not possessing a writing system, the Sumbanese people preserve and transmit their tradition-based creations such as language, literature, music, games, mythology, and rituals, for generations through oral communications. The peoples oral traditions, taking forms in some genres, have become inseparable parts of their lives. Though the vocabularies in daily usage are the same with the ones used in special occasions, for instance, in rituals, the metaphorical construction of language of the latter demands special attention
DAN BROWN'S ANGELS AND DEMONS: A NARRATIVE OR PROCEDURE TEXT?
No full textThis essay attempts to discuss the fallacies of a genre based classification of texts. It will stress the point that genres are not fixed and pre-given forms by thinking of texts as performances of genre rather than reproductions of a class to which they belong, and by following Austin ~ perlocutionary act in stressing the fact that the writer's intended locutionary act might not be the same with the reader'sperlocutionary act. If, after reading this essay, the reader is willing not to takefor granted that such a text as Angels and Demons can be nothing else but a narrative, it will have served itspurpose
THE CULTURAL CONFLICT OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN PEOPLE: A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON TWO AMERICAN INDIAN FICTIONS
Get PDFIndian people are indigenous people of America, who had
lived for centuries and long before the coming of European people to America in 15003. There are many tribes, even more than a hundred, among the Indian people. Each of them lived in group and has their own characteristics, such as language, custom, and culture. The contact between the Indian people and the European people brought a new era especially for the Indian people, which later changed the life of the Indian people from traditional into modem. It bears a cultural conflict for Indian people as can be seen in the works of Indian fictions such as House Made of Dawn and Auntie Angie's Cheyenne Affair, both written by Indian people, N Scoll Momaday and Adrian C Louis, respectively. In all cases, both novels represent the problems of cultural conflict encountered by the Indian people when they lived between two cultures, traditional and modem ones. This emerges in the writers' portrayals of their Indian young generation characters as the result of the changing from traditional to modem life
INSTRUCTIONAL CHOICES TO HEIGHTEN INDONESIAN STUDENTS' MOTIVATION AND ENGAGEMENT IN READING ENGLISH CANONICAL TEXTS
Get PDFThis paper focuses on how to motivate my struggling students for whom English is a second language when they read canonical texts written in English. Students in English departments are required to read English canonical texts, but most of them find this task very challenging. One strategy teachers can use to motivate students to read is to pair the English canonical texts with young adult texts. Important in these instructional choices are the pre-reading, during-reading, and after-reading activities. Pre-reading activities are intended to prepare readers to enter the story world During-reading activities are important to make students understand the stories better. Some of the duringactivities include using role plays and teaching media to increase students' understanding of the characters and the plots in the books. In the post-reading activities, students can write journals or quotes they find interesting from the book. Giving students more varieties in book choices and activities can, hopefully, make them independent good readers
ANALYZING COMPLAINTS BY INDONESIAN EFL SPEAKERS
Get PDFThe English language competence of an EFL learner can be reflectedin his pragmatic competence. Yet, for language learners and teachers a mastery of the pragmatic competence may unconsciously be neglected. In other words, it may not be taught in line with the grammatical competence since the initial period of learning. The article centers on two problems: (1) the similarities and differences of speech act of complaints among Indonesian EFL learners, Indonesian EFL teachers and American native speakers, and (2) the evidence of any pragmatic transfer in the complaint performance. DCT was used to gather the data, which was then analyzed using Rinnert, Nogami and Iwai?s aspects of complaining (2006). It was found that there were both differences and similarities of complaints performed by both the native and non-native speakers of English when power and social status were involved. Some evidence on pragmatic transfer was also tangible; mainly it was due to cultural difference
TEACHER QUESTIONING IN CLASSROOM INTERACTION
Get PDFQuestions play an important role in every classroomboth
students questions and teachers questions. The types of
question used by teacher can help students to lift their own
levels of understanding toward the concept given or even to
build up new ideas. The study explored (1) how eventually
teachers provide some ease to the students in creating an
interactive classroom interaction through questions and
answers exchanges; (2) how the questioning technique used by
the teachers might encourage the students to be active in
classroom interaction. By using Browns Interaction Analysis
System (BIAS) the data were analyzed in order to find out what
types of question were mostly used by the teachers during
teaching learning process in encouraging the students
activeness. The data were collected through observations in two
English classes in SMP N 2 Pekalongan with two different
English teachers. The data showed that the cognitive level of
teachers questions which mostly occurred was lower order
cognitive questions. The questions were aimed to invite the
learners to speak and deliver their ideas. Based on the observed
data, in details, the result showed that teachers used recall
questions for 52%, comprehension for 42% and application
occupied the remaining that was 6%. The target language was
usually used on several occasions such as praising, encouraging,
explaining and giving directions during the classroom
interaction. Therefore, the suggestions are given to the teacher
to understand practical uses of questioning techniques in
minimizingstudents barriers to speak up in English
CONSTRUCTING A COURSE ON INDONESIAN SHADOW PUPPETS FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
Get PDFAbstract: This paper is a course design on Indonesian shadow puppet to promote Indonesian culture to international students as a way of building a cultural bridge to create global citizens. In todays world, it is of paramount importance for every individual from diverse cultural, linguistic, and ethnic backgrounds to understand each other and work together. Creating this course is to introduce and promote an aspect Indonesian culture so that international students are more interested in and knowledgeable of Indonesian people and culture in general. Even though students only learn an aspect of Indonesian culture it is expected that they will be able to explore Indonesian culture in a broad sense