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Prediction of energy resolution in the JUNO experiment*
No full textThis paper presents an energy resolution study of the JUNO experiment, incorporating the latest knowledge acquired during the detector construction phase. The determination of neutrino mass ordering in JUNO requires an exceptional energy resolution better than 3% at 1 MeV. To achieve this ambitious goal, significant efforts have been undertaken in the design and production of the key components of the JUNO detector. Various factors affecting the detection of inverse beta decay signals have an impact on the energy resolution, extending beyond the statistical fluctuations of the detected number of photons, such as the properties of the liquid scintillator, performance of photomultiplier tubes, and the energy reconstruction algorithm. To account for these effects, a full JUNO simulation and reconstruction approach is employed. This enables the modeling of all relevant effects and the evaluation of associated inputs to accurately estimate the energy resolution. The results of this study reveal an energy resolution of 2.95% at 1 MeV. Furthermore, this study assesses the contribution of major effects to the overall energy resolution budget. This analysis serves as a reference for interpreting future measurements of energy resolution during JUNO data collection. Moreover, it provides a guideline for comprehending the energy resolution characteristics of liquid scintillator-based detectors
Perturbative power series for block diagonalisation of Hermitian matrices
No full textBlock diagonalisation of matrices by canonical transformation is important in various fields of physics. Such diagonalization is currently of interest in condensed matter physics, for modelling of gates in superconducting circuits and for studying isolated quantum many-body systems. While the block diagonalisation of a particular Hermitian matrix is not unique, it can be made unique with certain auxiliary conditions. It has been assumed in some recent literature that two of these conditions, ``least action' vs. block-off-diagonality of the generator, lead to identical transformations. We show that this is not the case, and that these two approaches diverge at third order in the small parameter. We derive the perturbative power series of the ``least action', exhibiting explicitly the loss of block-off-diagnoality
Heatwave Future Changes From an Ensemble of Km‐Scale Regional Climate Simulations Within CORDEX‐FPS Convection
No full textExploring the Contributions of Understudied Urban Sources to Secondary Pollution using the SAPHIR Chamber
No full textDrought in a warmer, CO 2 -rich climate restricts grassland water use and soil water mixing
No full textML-EM based dual tracer PET image reconstruction with inclusion of prompt gamma attenuation
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Structural plasticity of bacterial ESCRT-III protein PspA in higher-order assemblies
No full textEukaryotic members of the endosome sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) family have been shown to form diverse higher-order assemblies. The bacterial phage shock protein A (PspA) has been identified as a member of the ESCRT-III superfamily, and PspA homo-oligomerizes to form rod-shaped assemblies. As observed for eukaryotic ESCRT-III, PspA forms tubular assemblies of varying diameters. Using electron cryo-electron microscopy, we determined 61 Synechocystis PspA structures and observed in molecular detail how the structural plasticity of PspA rods is mediated by conformational changes at three hinge regions in the monomer and by the fixed and changing molecular contacts between protomers. Moreover, we reduced and increased the structural plasticity of PspA rods by removing the loop connecting helices α3/α4 and the addition of nucleotides, respectively. Based on our analysis of PspA-mediated membrane remodeling, we suggest that the observed mode of structural plasticity is a prerequisite for the biological function of ESCRT-III members
Molecular age prediction using skull bone samples from individuals with and without signs of decomposition: a multivariate approach combining analysis of posttranslational protein modifications and DNA methylation
No full textThe prediction of the chronological age of a deceased individual at time of death can provide important information in case of unidentified bodies. The methodological possibilities in these cases depend on the availability of tissues, whereby bones are preserved for a long time due to their mineralization under normal environmental conditions. Age-dependent changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) as well as the accumulation of pentosidine (Pen) and D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) could be useful molecular markers for age prediction. A combination of such molecular clocks into one age prediction model seems favorable to minimize inter- and intra-individual variation. We therefore developed (I) age prediction models based on the three molecular clocks, (II) examined the improvement of age prediction by combination, and (III) investigated if samples with signs of decomposition can also be examined using these three molecular clocks. Skull bone from deceased individuals was collected to obtain a training dataset (n = 86), and two independent test sets (without signs of decomposition: n = 44, with signs of decomposition: n = 48). DNAm of 6 CpG sites in ELOVL2, KLF14, PDE4C, RPA2, TRIM59 and ZYG11A was analyzed using massive parallel sequencing (MPS). The D-Asp and Pen contents were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Age prediction models based on ridge regression were developed resulting in mean absolute errors (MAEs)/root mean square errors (RMSE) of 5.5years /6.6 years (DNAm), 7.7 years /9.3 years (Pen) and 11.7 years /14.6 years (D-Asp) in the test set. Unsurprisingly, a general lower accuracy for the DNAm, D-Asp, and Pen models was observed in samples from decomposed bodies (MAE: 7.4–11.8 years, RMSE: 10.4–15.4 years). This reduced accuracy could be caused by multiple factors with different impact on each molecular clock. To acknowledge general changes due to decomposition, a pilot model for a possible age prediction based on the decomposed samples as training set improved the accuracy evaluated by leave-one-out-cross validation (MAE: 6.6–12 years, RMSE: 8.1–15.9 years). The combination of all three molecular age clocks did reveal comparable MAE and RMSE results to the pure analysis of the DNA methylation for the test set without signs of decomposition. However, an improvement by the combination of all three clocks was possible for the decomposed samples, reducing especially the deviation in case of outliers in samples with very high decomposition and low DNA content. The results demonstrate the general potential in a combined analysis of different molecular clocks in specific cases
Not All Lithium–Indium Counter Electrodes Are Made Equal: Probing the Inhomogeneities and Kinetics of Uniaxially Pressed Li–In Counter Electrodes in All Solid-State Batteries
No full textLithium indium alloys are commonly used as counterelectrodes in all-solid-state batteries. However, the method ofpreparation varies from research groups, including ball milling, rollpressing, and uniaxial pressing of the two metals. While the latter is acommon approach used in the literature, it is not entirely clear howhomogeneous uniaxially pressed counter electrodes are and whetherthe differences can be observed electrochemically. In this work, in thefirst section, two distinct Li sources, one from the chemical Li−In alloyand the other from the electrochemical Li−In alloy formed duringcycling, are electrochemically probed and investigated as a function ofthe temperature, indium foil thickness, and Li area. In the secondsection, the kinetics of electrochemically alloyed Li−In () areinvestigated using Butler-Volmer kinetics to extrapolate exchange current densities in combination with time and temperature-dependent distribution of relaxation time (DRT) analyses to better understand the alloying and dealloying process. These findingsunderscore the considerable influence that counter electrode preparation has on the kinetics and electrochemical performance of twoelectrode half-cells