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From Protoclusters to Clusters: The Role of Large-Scale Structure in Galaxy Evolution
Get PDFThis thesis explores the impact of environment on galaxy evolution at high redshift, focusing on the role of environmental quenching in clusters and protoclusters. By combining deep observational data from multiple surveys with statistical analyses, this work investigates how dense environments influence galaxy star formation, mass assembly, and quenching across cosmic time. Two central questions are addressed: (1) Do the mechanisms that quench galaxies in cluster environments in the local Universe operate in the same way – or at all – in higher redshift clusters and protoclusters? (2) How do different detection methods affect samples of protoclusters and influence the derived conclusions about quenching in dense environments?
In Chapter 2, which is based on work published in Gully et al. (2025), we analyse the luminosity functions (LFs) and stellar mass functions (SMFs) of passive galaxies in four galaxy clusters at 0.8 < z < 1.3, using deep VLT data along with the GCLASS and GOGREEN surveys. We find a significant excess of faint, low-mass passive galaxies in clusters compared to the field, indicating that environmental quenching processes are already active at these redshifts. This result challenges previous findings that suggested a weaker role for environment in shaping galaxy populations at early times. Our results imply that up to 25% of the star-forming field population would need to be quenched and added to the passive population to explain the observed cluster SMF, providing strong evidence that dense environments accelerate galaxy quenching even at z ∼ 1.
In Chapter 3, which is based on work published in Gully et al. (2024) and Euclid Collaboration: Böhringer et al.(2025), we construct a new sample of protoclusters at z > 1.3 using Spitzer/IRAC colour selection, identifying 189 candidate structures across three LSST Deep Drilling Fields. Using a lightcone constructed semi-analytic galaxy formation models, we demonstrate that this method yields a pure sample (60 − 80%), but is also highly incomplete, capturing only the largest, most massive and centrally concentrated protoclusters. This work represents the first quantitative assessment of the biases inherent in Spitzer-selected protocluster searches, providing crucial insights for future studies with LSST and Euclid.
In Chapter 4, we confirm with photometric redshifts from the recently launched ESA satellite – Euclid – a sample of protoclusters drawn from the candidates detected in Chapter 3. We then analyse the SMFs and star formation properties of galaxies within these protoclusters at z ∼ 1.5. We find that while the star-forming SMFs in protoclusters and the field are remarkably similar, the passive SMF exhibits a significantly steeper low-mass slope in protoclusters, driven by an overabundance of massive quenched galaxies. Furthermore, we show that high-mass star-forming galaxies in protoclusters exhibit lower star formation rates compared to their field counterparts, suggesting that environmental quenching processes are already bringing to operate at these redshifts. While the overall quenched fraction does not differ significantly between protoclusters and the field, the distinctive shape of the passive SMF and the suppressed SFRs of high-mass galaxies indicate that large-scale structure influences galaxy evolution well before clusters fully assemble.
Overall, this thesis provides new observational constraints on how environment drives galaxy evolution at high redshift. We demonstrate that environmental quenching mechanisms are already effective by z ∼ 1, contributing to the early buildup of passive galaxies in clusters. Additionally, we refine protocluster detection techniques and characterise their biases, paving the way for future studies of large-scale structure with next-generation surveys. Finally, our results suggest that at z ∼ 1.5, environmental quenching processes begin to operate well before galaxies fully transition to a passive state. The distinct shape of the passive SMF in protoclusters highlights the role of large-scale structure in shaping galaxy evolution even before clusters fully assemble. Together, these findings refine our understanding of the role of environment in galaxy evolution
Targeting Microglia as a Therapeutic Approach to Treat Neuroinflammatory Disorders
No full textNeuroinflammation, a complex immune response within the central nervous system (CNS), contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. It is mediated predominantly by microglia, the brain's resident immune cells. Existing in vitro models, however, often fail to capture the human-specific characteristics of microglial behaviour, limiting the understanding of neuroinflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic intervention points. This thesis addresses these limitations by developing a human microglia model derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), offering a physiologically and human-relevant system for exploring microglial activation and signalling pathways central to neuroinflammation.
The primary objective was to create and validate a reproducible differentiation protocol for microglia-like cells from PBMCs, confirmed through microglial markers and functional assays that mimic primary microglial responses. This model was then applied to investigate how damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), influence microglial activation via P2 receptors (P2X4 and P2Y12), showing distinct inflammatory roles across acute and sustained responses. Furthermore, Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), were examined for their role in responses to pathological aggregates like α-synuclein fibrils, common in neurodegenerative conditions. This study elucidates the receptor-specific mechanisms underlying microglial activation and cytokine production by simulating neuroinflammatory conditions, advancing our understanding of the molecular pathways central to disease progression.
To achieve these, PBMCs were differentiated into microglia-like cells through a standardised protocol, optimised to yield cells expressing validated microglial markers, such as ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2RY12), and transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119). Functional assays, including cytokine profiling and phagocytosis, confirmed the cells’ responsiveness to neuroinflammatory stimuli, closely replicating primary microglial behaviours. This model enabled an in-depth investigation into receptor-specific inflammatory pathways by using real-time quantitative PCR, cytokine assays, and transcriptomic analyses, revealing interactions with pathological aggregates like α-synuclein fibrils.
A major contribution of this research lies in evaluating transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, specifically transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), as modulators of inflammation in microglia. Pharmacological activation of TRPV4 with GSK1016790A (GSK101) significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production (e.g., interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], tumour necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) in ATP-stimulated microglia while concurrently upregulating nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (Nurr1), an orphan nuclear receptor associated with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. This dual effect demonstrates that TRPV4 activation mitigates inflammatory responses and promotes a neuroprotective microglial phenotype, suggesting a promising therapeutic target for neuroinflammation-driven diseases. The TRPV4-Nurr1 axis modulation established here paves the way for future investigations into its role as a therapeutic approach, with broad implications for neuroinflammatory diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
In conclusion, this thesis introduces a robust and scalable human-derived microglia model that captures human-specific inflammatory responses and receptor interactions observed in neurodegenerative diseases. This work elucidates the roles of DAMPs, P2 receptors, and TRPV4 in microglial activation, providing a foundation for developing therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation. The findings suggest the potential of the TRPV4-Nurr1 pathway for managing neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Understanding consumer mindset helps Singapore’s policymakers to introduce new sustainability policies that shape Singapore’s culture towards a single-use plastics free economy
No full textThe plastics have become one of the most important, necessary, valuable and commonly used materials for consumers daily lives in the global economy (Science History Institute, 2024; Rhein and Schmid, 2020; Nguyen et al., 2022). Currently, the global plastic consumption is over 400,000,000 tonnes, and the future global plastic consumption is projected to reach over 1,200,000,000 tonnes in 2060 if there are no new policies to reduce the global plastic consumption (Braun, 2023). As of 2023, it was projected that there will be 389,300,000 tonnes of plastic waste generated in worldwide (Alves, 2023). In 2060, it is projected that there will be 1,014,100,000 tonnes of plastic waste generated in worldwide (Alves, 2023). In 2060, it is projected that landfill will be the main disposal method and recycling rate will be less than 20% in worldwide (Alves, 2023).
In Singapore, the total plastic waste volume was generated from 832,000 tonnes in 2013 to 957,000 tonnes in 2023 (Romero, 2023; National Environment Agency, 2024a). From 2017 to 2023, the Singapore recycling rate for plastics ranging from 4% to 6% annually (National Environment Agency, 2023a; National Environment Agency, 2023b; National Environment Agency, 2024a; National Environment Agency, 2024b). The single-use plastics have contributed to half of global plastic production, and it has contributed to approximately 30% to 70% of plastic waste disposed in Singapore (Ingilizian, 2023; BYO Singapore, 2020). In the world, the policymakers have introduced various regulatory policies to remove the consumption on single-use plastics and improve on plastic waste management (Vimal et al., 2020; Ando et al., 2023). Therefore, this management research project will be focusing on understanding consumer mindset, single-use plastics and introduce new sustainability policies which can help to shape Singapore’s culture towards a single-use plastics free economy. There are a total of five chapters in this management research project. Lastly, the result in this research provides a meaningful and good understanding of consumer mindset on single-use plastics to help Singapore to move towards a single-use plastics free economy
Identification of material sustainability matters in the property development industry by analysing stakeholder perspectives on ten sustainable elements
No full textDespite the global emphasis on sustainability, property developers in Malaysia face significant challenges in implementing sustainable practices due to the multifaceted consideration of the risk of incremental cost, instability of advanced technology, lack of skilled experts, and shortage of green materials. The author of this paper aims to address the gap in understanding the perceived value of sustainable practices among various stakeholders, which may not align with the principles of the sustainability frameworks.
The objective of this research paper is to assess the awareness and adoption level of sustainability practices among the stakeholders including definitive stakeholders, dependent stakeholders, and other stakeholders through the lens of salience stakeholder theory. The research methodology is divided into two parts, which the first part puts the focal point into the comprehensive literature reviews on the historical evolution of sustainability, critical challenges, and various widespread-used green rating frameworks such as LEED, GBI, Green Mark, and GreenRE. Adopting the qualitative research methodology, author conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 interviewees from diverse stakeholder groups individually. The interview contents were critically analysed through content analysis with reference to Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and ten sustainable themes that branch from the green rating frameworks.
The research findings reveal both consensus and disparities in the stakeholder expectations, which are able to provide insights for property developers and relevant stakeholders in designing the material sustainability matters and assessing the feasibility. While ecological aspects remain universally valued, the research outcomes show that the perspectives are prone to be limited to human own benefit over the broader impact on planetary health, particularly concerning the UN SDG Goal-14 and Goal-15. The author of this paper suggests further studies to explore these discrepancies and enhance alignment among stakeholders regarding sustainability practices. Results also outline the cost and value of money aspects ranked top of the motivation to predominantly drive both primary definitive stakeholders and dependent stakeholders to the broader adoptions. Potential future research could consider the empirical study on the correlation between sustainable property development practices and tangible outcomes such as company revenue growth and property value appreciation
Decoding ligand recognition at GPR55 using in silico predictions and functional assays
Get PDFGPR55 is a non-canonical cannabinoid receptor that has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for cancer, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. Despite its therapeutic potential, the pharmacology of GPR55 remains poorly defined due to a limited understanding of the structural mechanisms underlying receptor function, inconsistent ligand activity across cellular assays, a lack of potent ligands, and the absence of standardised screening methods. To address these challenges, this study combines computational and experimental approaches to elucidate the molecular basis of GPR55 ligand recognition and develop a sensitive, robust assay for ligand screening.
Computationally, we applied molecular docking, interatomic fingerprinting, and machine learning analysis to a curated dataset of 563 GPR55 ligands across five receptor structures. CatBoost classifiers and SHAP analysis were also used to identify recurring interactions and visualise the data in a way that distinguishes agonists from antagonists. Experimentally, we replicated the established cell-based β-arrestin recruitment and G-GASE biosensor assays in stable HEK293TR cell lines. To overcome the limitations of cell-based assay, we developed a BRET membrane-based mG protein recruitment assay (MeGaBRET) to provide a more direct and controllable readout of GPR55 activation.
The computational analysis of ~5600 ligand binding poses identified the eleven residues W177ECL2, P1554.59x60, M167ECL2, Q2717.36x35, F1023.33x33, V1494.53x53, M2747.39x38, F2466.55x55, M172ECL2, L2707.35x34, and I1564.60x61 as key determinants of ligand pharmacology at GPR55. The CatBoost prediction model showed moderate performance, with positive MCC values between 0.25 and 0.39, demonstrating that our model was able to capture meaningful trends in agonist and antagonist classification. Experimentally, the β- arrestin recruitment assay reproduced literature trends but with ~2-fold lower potency than the reported data. THC showed no β-arrestin recruitment despite literature reports of GPR55 agonism. Unfortunately, multiple attempts to set up the G-CASE biosensor assays failed due to poor signal-to-noise ratios and overlapping concentration-response curves. In contrast, the optimised MeGaBRET assay produced response windows ~3 times larger than β-arrestin assays and successfully revealed the G protein bias of THC and the endogenous ligand LPI. MeGaBRET also detected mGi protein coupling for the potent ligands ML184 and compound 26, with EC50 values of 243 nM and 65 nM, respectively. Further optimisation is still required to measure mG12 and mGq coupling using MeGaBRET.
This study demonstrates that combining computational modelling with advanced functional assays provides a more comprehensive understanding of GPR55 pharmacology. Key receptor residues influencing ligand activity were identified, and the MeGaBRET assay was successfully developed for GPR55 ligand screening. This novel, robust assay expands the toolkit for ligand screening and provides a more controlled and sensitive approach to characterising ligand activity, helping to address the inconsistencies observed in conventional GPR55 assays. Together, these approaches offer a validated framework for rational drug design and orphan GPCR characterisation that can be applied beyond GPR55
Collective-oriented collaboration: a grounded theory study of interprofessional practice in community based maternity care in Indonesia
Get PDFThis study explores interprofessional collaboration (IPC) among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in community-based maternity care settings in Indonesia, examining how they engage in collaborative practices and identifying the factors that influence their interactions. Despite global recognition of IPC’s benefits for enhancing patient care and outcomes, challenges persist, particularly in resource-limited settings where diverse professional roles intersect. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, this qualitative study provides an in-depth understanding of collaborative dynamics by gathering insights from a range of HCPs engaged in maternity care at community health centres.
Data were collected through online semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Initially, the study employed purposive, focused sampling of healthcare professionals involved in community maternity care, which then transitioned into theoretical sampling to explore and refine emerging categories as the analysis unfolded. A conceptual model, the “Collective Oriented Collaboration Model”, was developed to capture the complexity of community maternity services as the central challenge in IPC, with cross-sectoral collaboration serving as a critical means of managing this complexity. It acknowledges the significant role of the cultural values of “Gotong Royong” (mutual assistance) in shaping team collaboration, and three identified factors that affect IPC in this context: adaptive systems, value-based teamwork, and community empowerment.
This grounded theory study adds to existing literature by highlighting the unique cultural and structural factors that affect IPC in community maternity settings in Indonesia. The study provides insights that are valuable for both local health policy and global discussions on collaborative practice in maternity care. This research offers a framework for understanding the complexities of interprofessional collaboration in community maternity care and supports future initiatives aimed at strengthening IPC in similar contexts
Envelope glycoprotein domain III (EDIII): potential as bio-receptor probe for specific detection of different serotypes of dengue antibodies
No full textDengue fever has been a global threatening disease, affecting approximately 40% of the world’s population (3.6 billion) residing in dengue-endemic areas across more than 100 countries within the World Health Organisation (WHO) regions. Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus (DENV) which constitutes four distinct antigenic serotypes (DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 and DENV4). Infection with one serotype of DENV is thought to produce long-term immunity against that particular serotype but only short-term cross-immunity against the other serotypes. Sequential infections with different DENV serotypes lead to cross-reactive but also serotype-specific neutralizing antibody responses. This potentially results in life-threatening complications, i.e. antibody dependent enhancement (ADE). ADE is a phenomenon in which the antibodies produced during a previous immune response recognize and bind to the pathogen, but they are unable to prevent the subsequent infection. Instead, they facilitate viral entry into cells, leading to increased viral replication and more severe disease outcomes. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop a cheap, rapid, and highly sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tool for early serotype-specific DENV detection, as early detection and prompt medical treatment can reduce the mortality rates associated with dengue fever. However, the current diagnostic landscape lacks sufficiently sensitive, specific, and rapid tools capable of differentiating DENV infections based on serotypes.
Electrochemical biosensor serves an important role in the advancement of commercial point-of-care systems, to detect the presence of various biological analytes or targets, such as glucose, uric acid, and cholesterol for diagnostic purposes. Electrochemical biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into a quantifiable and processable signal using electrochemistry. This approach is currently dominating the biosensing field with the common techniques, such as amperometry, cyclic voltammetry, direct pulse voltammetry and electrical impedance spectroscopy. A key aspect of biosensor development involves selecting a suitable antigen probe for specific and sensitive detection. In this study, a consensus DENV envelope domain III (cEDIII) protein probe was employed due to its high potential for recognising and binding antibodies generated against different DENV serotypes, making it a valuable component for future development of a serotype-specific diagnostic tool. Leveraging this probe, a nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensor was proposed as a reliable cost-effective diagnostic tool for dengue fever with the overarching aim of detecting different DENV serotypes with rapid results, high selectivity, and specificity.
A graphene/titanium dioxide-based electrochemical biosensor had been successfully developed in specifically detecting three different targets, namely DENV1-4 immunoglobin G (IgG), DENV1 IgG and DENV2 IgG, by using the plant-derived cEDIII with cholera toxin B (CTB) fusion (CTB-cEDIII) as the antigen probe. CTB was fused with cEDIII to enhance overall structural stability by providing a stable pentameric scaffold. The immunosensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity towards DENV1-4 IgG, DENV1 IgG and DENV2 IgG with the limits of detection of 12.17 ng/mL, 14.05 ng/mL, and 10.56 ng/mL, respectively. The linear working ranges for DENV1-4 IgG, DENV1 IgG and DENV2 IgG were 31.25 – 1,000 ng/mL, 562.5 – 9,000 ng/mL and 31.25 – 500 ng/mL, with limits of quantification of 36.87 ng/mL, 42.49 ng/mL, and 31.87 ng/mL, respectively. The as-developed immunosensor also demonstrated excellent selectivity against other closely related viral antibodies, such as Zika, Yellow Fever and Chikungunya. Moreover, the analytical performance of CTB-cEDIII as detection probe in biosensor platform was validated by the well-established conventional detection platform, i.e., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Biosensor was proved to be more advantageous than ELISA platform, offering rapid detection, lower cost, and ease of use.
Subsequently, the study advanced to the expression of a partially soluble bacterial based recombinant protein probe, CTB-cEDIII and cEDIII, utilising Escherichia coli (E. coli) host cells and the IMPACT-TWIN (Intein Mediated Purification with an Affinity Chitin binding Tag-Two Intein) system. This was due to the advantages of bacterial platform in terms of cost and time efficiency, and ease in post purification processes as compared to plant-based production. The molecular cloning and protein expression processes comprised several key stages, each significantly impacting its overall success, efficiency, and yield. Optimisation studies were carried out to understand the effect of key factors, such as the concentration and purity of cloning vectors and plasmid inserts, protein expression and extraction parameters. These parameters encompassed freeze-thaw cycles, isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration, induction temperature and duration. The parameters that yielded the optimum expression were freeze-thaw condition of 1 hour at -80°C and induction with 0.1 mM IPTG at 15°C overnight. The influence of protein structure in the purification step, involving chitin resin chromatography and ion exchange chromatography, was found to significantly impact the success rate of protein purification. It is essential to consider the downstream applications of the expressed DENV envelope protein via bacterial host, as high expression levels may not always correspond to functional activities. Nevertheless, the antigenicity of the bacterial-produced CTB-cEDIII protein was confirmed with sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Western and dot blotting techniques. The protein sizes for semi-soluble recombinant proteins, CTB-cEDIII and cEDIII, were as expected at 25.5 kDa and 11.3 kDa, respectively.
In conclusion, the electrochemical immunosensor platform has been successfully developed for detecting DENV antibodies, with a specific focus on DENV serotype 1 and serotype 2. Although the successful expression of bacterial CTB-cEDIII protein represents a significant achievement, further refinement of purification processes holds the potential to improve the suitability of this bacterial CTB-cEDIII protein probe for the electrochemical DENV immunosensor platform, thereby advancing point-of-care dengue diagnostics in the future, including dengue serotype differentiation via post-analysis of immunosensor data using artificial intelligence
Musical Creativity & The Composition Engine: A Portfolio of Songs with Written Commentary
Get PDFThis practice-based PhD project documents the development of a Creativity Support Tool (CST) – The Composition Engine – and its use in the composition and production of two albums of original music in the accompanying portfolio. The Composition Engine synthesises multiple models of creativity from the literature into a map of the creative process and organises them into stages that a composer can move through (or jump around within) while writing or producing music. The model incorporates two principal modes of creativity, "divergent" and "convergent", and includes process guides, prompts-for-action, and sources of raw material to select from. This research is contextualised within the field of Practice-as-Research (PaR), where the creative practice itself is a primary form of research evidence
Oil palm fibre filled polymer composites for aircraft interior
Get PDFThis study aimed to assess the feasibility of using natural fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites for aircraft interior components. Currently, aircraft interior components like seats, interior panels, floor coverings, and linings are primarily made from polymeric materials and composites. Synthetic fibre thermoset composites are commonly used due to their excellent mechanical and thermal properties as well as compliance with airworthiness standards. However, recycling thermoset composites is environmentally challenging compared to thermoplastics.
The study involves investigating the mechanical performance and flammability of natural fibre composites after applying fibre surface treatment, coupling agents, and flame retardants. The goals are to enhance mechanical properties of oil palm fibre (OPF) reinforced acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composites and ensure compliance with Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) standards.
First, the optimum process parameters for melt blending used in the fabrication of OPF/ABS composites were justified through visual inspection, tensile test result and melt plastogram analysis. Visual inspection highlighted colour changes at high processing temperatures, while melt plastogram data indicated temperature control challenges at varying rotor speeds and mixing times. Mechanical test result revealed that ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and impact strength of ABS reduced by 20% and 30% respectively. This decline in performance can be attributed to oxidative degradation of ABS, which exposed at high temperatures for extended period.
Second, nanocellulose was extracted from oil palm fibres and used as a reinforcing filler for ABS composites. The material was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation and particle size measurements. FTIR analysis revealed that nanocellulose isolated from OPF and commercial cellulose nanocrystals (Celluforce NCC) have similar FTIR spectra. The Zeta particle size test result showed that average particle size of nanocellulose isolated from OPF and Celluforce NCC are 175.19 nm and 125.42 nm respectively. Tensile tests demonstrated that, with suitable coupling agents (silane and maleic anhydride) and 3 wt. % Celluforce NCC, ultimate tensile strength of ABS composites improved by up to 18.61%. The SEM images also verified the reinforcing mechanism of NCC.
In the third phase, chemically treated oil palm fibres were introduced into ABS composites to study their effects on mechanical properties of ABS composites. The research indicated that fibre surface treatment and coupling agents significantly improved mechanical properties of OPF/ABS composites. Maleic-treated and silane-treated oil palm fibres increased ultimate tensile strength of raw OPF/ABS composites by up to 35.59%, while chemically treated oil palm fibre/ABS composites also marginally enhanced the tensile properties of neat ABS by 2.38%. The SEM images showed reduced gaps at the interface between chemically treated OPF and ABS.
In the fourth phase, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), alumina trihydrate (ATH), Zinc borate (ZB) and expandable graphite (EG) were added to investigate their effects on mechanical properties and flammability of OPF/ABS composites. Expandable graphite is proven as the most effective flame retardant in OPF/ABS composites. 25 wt. % EG filler able to help OPF/ABS composite to achieve V-0 rating in the vertical burning test. Other flame retardants (APP, ATH and ZB) are unable to help OPF/ABS composites achieve self-extinguish properties. 15 wt.% of APP, ATH and ZB only able to slow down the burning rate of OPF/ABS composites in horizontal burning test. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) test result revealed that LOI values increased with addition of flame retardants and APP is the most effective flame retardants. Furthermore. no synergistic effects among flame retardants were observed in the burn test and LOI test. In addition, the tensile properties of OPF/ABS composites were compromised after incorporating of 15 wt. % flame retardants.
Overall, this study explored the potential of natural fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites for aerospace interior components. The investigation encompassed various aspects including the determination of optimal processing parameters. mechanical properties and flammability. It is feasible to utilize OPF/ABS composites with an appropriate amount of flame retardants for use as aircraft interior materials. However, it is crucial that OPF/ABS composites also pass the heat release rate test and smoke test which prescribed in FAR Part 25. Compliance with stringent safety and flammability standards are required for aerospace applications
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